Ch. 25 Fluid & Electrolytes

Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions result in A. metabolic water intake. B. preformed water intake. C. insensible water output. D. preformed water output. E. obligatory water output.

A. metabolic water intake.

The plasma of our blood constitutes ______ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the _____________ fluid. A. more; intracellular B. more; extracellular C. less; intracellular D. less; extracellular

D. less; extracellular

Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall? A. Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water. B. The plasma membrane is permeable to water, but the capillary wall is not. C. The plasma membrane is not permeable to water, but the capillary wall is. D. Neither the plasma membrane nor the capillary wall is permeable to water.

A. Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water.

At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest? A. Infancy B. Childhood C. Middle age D. Advanced age

A. Infancy

Emphysema causes a decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane and thereby leads to respiratory A. acidosis. B. alkalosis.

A. acidosis

The high metabolic rate of infants puts them at increased risk of metabolic A. acidosis. B. alkalosis.

A. acidosis

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH. A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

A. an increase

The molecule HCl is an example of a(n) A. electrolyte. B. nonelectrolyte. C. base.

A. electrolyte.

Interstitial fluid has a relatively _______ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ______. A. high; similar B. high; different C. low; similar D. low; different

A. high; similar

Ingestion of food results in water A. intake, as food contains some water. B. output, as food absorbs water and we lose more water through feces than we gain through eating.

A. intake, as food contains some water.

When bicarbonate levels fall due to an accumulation of fixed acids in the body, the result is A. metabolic acidosis. B. metabolic alkalosis. C. insufficient respiration. D. respiratory acidosis. E. respiratory alkalosis.

A. metabolic acidosis.

When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains A. more potassium and more negatively charged proteins. B. more potassium but fewer negatively charged proteins. C. less potassium but more negatively charged proteins. D. less potassium and less negatively charged proteins.

A. more potassium and more negatively charged proteins.

Decreases in blood pressure turn _____ the thirst center of the brain. A. on B. off

A. on

If someone runs a marathon through a desert while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity A. rises and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. B. rises and becomes hypotonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. C. decreases and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. D. decreases and becomes hypotonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

A. rises and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

Water lost through feces is considered ___________ water loss. A. sensible, obligatory B. sensible, facultative C. insensible, obligatory D. insensible, facultative

A. sensible, obligatory

Angiotensin II causes a(n) A. stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH. B. stimulation of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH. C. inhibition of the thirst center and increased release of ADH. D. inhibition of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH.

A. stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH.

High levels of ADH cause A. vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure. B. vasoconstriction and therefore decreases in blood pressure. C. vasodilation and therefore increases in blood pressure. D. vasodilation and therefore decreases in blood pressure.

A. vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure.

The bicarbonate system is composed of H2CO3 and HCO3-. Which statement accurately describes these molecules? A. H2CO3 and HCO3- are both weak acids. B. H2CO3 is a weak acid, and HCO3- is a weak base. C. H2CO3 is a weak base, and HCO3- is a weak acid. D. H2CO3 and HCO3- are both strong bases. E. H2CO3 is a strong base, and HCO3- is a weak acid.

B. H2CO3 is a weak acid, and HCO3- is a weak base.

If a strong acid were to add H+ to the intracellular fluid, the effect would most likely be buffered, because A. HPO42- would act as a weak acid and donate an H+ to become PO4-. B. HPO42- would act as a weak base and accept an H+ to become H2PO4-. C. H2PO4- would act as a weak acid and accept an H+ to become H3PO4-. D. PO4 would act as a strong base and accept an H+ to become HPO4.

B. HPO42- would act as a weak base and accept an H+ to become H2PO4-.

When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ starts to move from the A. ECF to the ICF. B. ICF to the ECF.

B. ICF to the ECF.

How does the hormone aldosterone influence potassium levels? A. It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration. B. It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration. C. It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration. D. It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.

B. It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration.

Which type of intake accounts for most of our daily fluid intake? A. Metabolic water B. Preformed water

B. Preformed water

When comparing a lean adult female to a lean adult male, which will most likely have a higher percentage of body fluid? A. The female B. The male

B. The male

Most of the fixed acid in our body comes from A. the oxygen we breathe. B. acid absorbed from the GI tract. C. loss of bicarbonate in feces. D. lactic acid from muscle.

B. acid absorbed from the GI tract.

An individual who consumes many antacids for stomach upset and many diuretics for high blood pressure will be at risk for metabolic A. acidosis. B. alkalosis.

B. alkalosis.

The development of hypoxia can limit the effectiveness of respiratory compensation for metabolic A. acidosis. B. alkalosis.

B. alkalosis.

The amine groups contained within amino acids of proteins can act as weak A. acids. B. bases.

B. bases.

Distention of the stomach causes thirst to A. increase. B. decrease.

B. decrease.

Drinking a liter of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to A. increase. B. decrease.

B. decrease.

Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to A. volume excess. B. dehydration. C. hypotonic plasma. E. overhydration.

B. dehydration.

Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint capsules are both examples of A. intracellular fluid. B. extracellular fluid.

B. extracellular fluid.

The thirst center of the brain is located in the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. occipital lobe. D. pons.

B. hypothalamus.

The stimulus that directly triggers release of ANP is A. decreased pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries. B. increased stretch of the heart atria. C. increased saltiness in the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the hypothalamus of the brain. D. increased saltiness of tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule

B. increased stretch of the heart atria.

The hormone ANP A. increases urine output and increases blood volume. B. increases urine output and decreases blood volume. C. decreases urine output and decreases blood volume. D. decreases urine output and increases blood volume.

B. increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

Facultative water loss is loss that A. occurs regardless of the state of hydration of the body. B. is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney. C. occurs through sweating and breathing.

B. is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney.

Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the A. respiratory system. B. kidneys. C. lymphatic system.

B. kidneys.

Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a _________ percentage of body fluid. A. high B. low

B. low

When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distention are A. more immediate and more accurate. B. more immediate but less accurate. C. more long-term and more accurate. D. more long-term but less accurate.

B. more immediate but less accurate.

Compared to adults, infants are _______ susceptible to respiratory acidosis due to lower _________. A. more, carbon dioxide levels. B. more, residual volume. C. less, carbon dioxide levels. D. less, residual volume.

B. more, residual volume.

The most abundant cation within cells is A. sodium. B. potassium. C. calcium. D. chloride. E. magnesium.

B. potassium.

Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to A. reabsorb more sodium, water, and potassium. B. reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium. C. reabsorb more sodium, and secret more water and potassium. D. secrete more sodium, water, and potassium. E. secrete more sodium and reabsorb more potassium.

B. reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium.

Climbing at high altitude where oxygen levels are insufficient can lead to A. respiratory acidosis. B. respiratory alkalosis. C. metabolic acidosis. D. metabolic alkalosis.

B. respiratory alkalosis.

Medicines that overstimulate respiratory centers in the brain lead to A. respiratory acidosis. B. respiratory alkalosis. C. metabolic acidosis. D. metabolic alkalosis.

B. respiratory alkalosis.

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels A. rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises. B. rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls. C. rise, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls. D. fall, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises. E. fall, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls.

B. rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls.

When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the renal tubules begin to A. secrete bicarbonate and H+ through type B cells. B. secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+ in exchange through type B cells. C. secrete H+ while reabsorbing bicarbonate in exchange through type A cells. D. absorb bicarbonate and H+ through type A cells.

B. secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+ in exchange through type B cells.

In the brain ADH _______ the thirst center, and in the kidneys ADH causes an increase in water __________. A. stimulates; secretion B. stimulates; reabsorption C. inhibits; secretion D. inhibits; reabsorption

B. stimulates; reabsorption

When NaCl is added to body fluids, it results in the addition of A. one solute particle per NaCl molecule and exerts an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of a nonelectrolyte. B. two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules. C. three solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts one-third the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules. D. one solute particle per NaCl molecule, but because it is uncharged it does not result in osmotic pressure.

B. two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.

A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that A. two-thirds of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-third is within our cells. B. two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells. C. half of the total fluid is within our cells and half is outside our cells. D. six-sevenths of the total fluid is within our cells and one-seventh is outside our cells. E. six-sevenths of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-seventh is within our cells.

B. two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

Most potassium loss from the body occurs through A. sweat. B. urine. C. feces. D. respiration.

B. urine.

Angiotensin II triggers A. vasoconstriction and increased urine output from the kidneys. B. vasoconstriction and decreased urine output from the kidneys. C. vasodilation and increased urine output from the kidneys. D. vasodilation and decreased urine output from the kidneys

B. vasoconstriction and decreased urine output from the kidneys.

Renal compensation to a decrease in blood H+ levels is to increase the activity of type A. A cells to secrete more bicarbonate. B. A cells to secrete less bicarbonate. C. B cells to secrete more bicarbonate. D. B cells to secrete less bicarbonate.

C. B cells to secrete more bicarbonate.

Which of the following does not turn off the thirst center of the brain? A. Decreased blood osmolarity B. Entry of fluid in the stomach C. Decreased salivary secretions D. Increased blood pressure

C. Decreased salivary secretions

How are sodium levels and blood pressure related? A. Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure. B. Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure. C. Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure. D. Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure.

C. Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.

Severe diarrhea results in the increased elimination of A. hydrogen ions and therefore causes acidosis. B. hydrogen ions and therefore causes alkalosis. C. bicarbonate ions and therefore causes acidosis. D. bicarbonate ions and therefore causes alkalosis.

C. bicarbonate ions and therefore causes acidosis.

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the partial pressure of A. oxygen rises. B. oxygen falls. C. carbon dioxide rises. D. carbon dioxide falls.

C. carbon dioxide rises.

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is A. negatively charged proteins. B. phosphate. C. chloride. D. hydrogen. E. acetic acid.

C. chloride.

If a physiologic condition resulted in blood pH reaching 7.2, but then physiological buffering systems brought the pH to 7.4, that increase in pH would be called A. acidosis. B. alkalosis. C. compensation. D. imbalance. E. partial noncompensation.

C. compensation.

Increases in secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to A. increase. B. stay at the same level. C. decrease.

C. decrease.

Insulin causes blood plasma levels of potassium to ________ by _______ activity of the Na+/K+ pumps. A. increase; stimulating B. increase; inhibiting C. decrease; stimulating D. decrease; inhibiting

C. decrease; stimulating

Feelings of thirstiness are brought on by A. increases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity. B. increases in salivary secretions and decreases in blood osmolarity. C. decreases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity. D. decreases in salivary secretions and decreases in blood osmolarity.

C. decreases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity.

Blockage of lymphatic vessels or surgical removal of lymphatic vessels increases the likelihood of A. ascites, which is an example of volume depletion. B. ascites, which is an example of hypertonicity. C. edema, which is a an example of fluid sequestration. D. edema, which is a an example of volume depletion. E. pleural effusion, which is an example of hypertonic hydration.

C. edema, which is a an example of fluid sequestration.

A diet rich in animal protein contributes to increased levels of A. volatile acid. B. bicarbonate ions. C. fixed acid.

C. fixed acid.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the _________ and released from the _________. A. anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary B. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus C. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary D. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

C. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

If someone in an accident suffered severe burns as well as hemorrhage, they would be at high risk for A. hypotonic hydration. B. volume depletion. C. hypotonic dehydration. D. volume excess.

C. hypotonic dehydration.

Runners who drink too much water before a marathon run a risk of water intoxication, also known as A. diabetes insipidus. B. volume excess. C. hypotonic hydration. D. volume depletion. E. hypertonic ascites.

C. hypotonic hydration.

Aldosterone exerts effects on principal cells of the kidney by causing A. increased levels of cAMP and increases in the total number of Na+ channels. B. decreased levels of cAMP and decreases in the number of open K+ channels. C. increased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps. D. decreased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps.

C. increased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps.

The stimuli that trigger the release of ADH are A. high blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. B. high blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity. C. low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. D. low blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. E. low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.

C. low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.

To account for their effects on osmotic pressure, the concentration of electrolytes is often expressed in A. moles. B. moieties. C. milliequivalents per liter. D. moles per liter. E. milliliters.

C. milliequivalents per liter.

In the condition of volume excess, fluid gain involves A. an increase in osmolarity of body fluid. B. a decrease in osmolarity of body fluid. C. no change in the osmolarity of body fluid.

C. no change in the osmolarity of body fluid.

Low levels of calcium within cells are maintained by A. a high number of voltage-gated and leakage channels for calcium in cell membranes. B. frequent exocytosis and endocytosis of calcium-containing vesicles. C. pumps that move calcium out of cells or into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. osmosis of large amounts of water into cells that have any calcium within them.

C. pumps that move calcium out of cells or into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The most common type of acid-base imbalance is A. metabolic acidosis. B. metabolic alkalosis. C. respiratory acidosis. D. respiratory alkalosis.

C. respiratory acidosis.

The process by which the kidneys eliminate excess acid or base is relatively A. quick (takes minutes) and powerful. B. quick (takes minutes) but limited (is not very powerful). C. slow (takes hours to days) but powerful. D. slow (takes hours to days) and limited (is not very powerful).

C. slow (takes hours to days) but powerful.

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by A. synthesizing and secreting bicarbonate ions while reabsorbing H+. B. synthesizing and reabsorbing H+ while filtering bicarbonate ions. C. synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+. D. decreasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of both bicarbonate ions and H+. E. increasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of H+.

C. synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+.

Renal compensation for acidosis results in A. urine with a high pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels. B. urine with a high pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels. C. urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels. D. urine with a low pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels.

C. urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels.

Renal failure would likely lead to A. volume depletion. B. hypotonicity. C. volume excess. D. hypertonic ascites.

C. volume excess.

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function? A. Magnesium B. Phosphate C. Calcium D. Sodium E. Potassium

D. Sodium

The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to A. ANP and increased blood plasma sodium levels. B. ANP and decreased blood plasma sodium levels. C. angiotensin II and increased blood plasma sodium levels. D. angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.

D. angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.

The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to A. constrict, which raises blood pressure. B. constrict, which lowers blood pressure. C. dilate, which raises blood pressure. D. dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

D. dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes __________ of afferent arterioles and _________ of mesangial cells. A. constriction; contraction B. constriction; relaxation C. dilation; contraction D. dilation; relaxation

D. dilation; relaxation

Edema is an example of A. dehydration. B. volume depletion. C. total volume excess. D. fluid sequestration.

D. fluid sequestration

Renin is released from the JG apparatus in response to A. high blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. B. high blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. C. low blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. D. low blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

D. low blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Elderly individuals generally have a _______ percentage of body fluid and are therefore _______ prone to fluid imbalances. A. high; more B. high; less C. low; less D. low; more

D. low; more

Elevated HCO3- levels brought about by vomiting is classified as A. respiratory acidosis. B. respiratory alkalosis. C. metabolic acidosis. D. metabolic alkalosis.

D. metabolic alkalosis.

Interstitial fluid composes about ________ of the body's extracellular fluid. A. one-tenth B. one-third C. one-half D. two-thirds E. nine-tenths

D. two-thirds