Ch. 26 Module 4

Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic acidosis.

Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion

Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.

7.0 and 7.35

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory acidosis.

Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

Identify the possible causes of hypocalcemia at "C."

Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis

Identify the possible consequences of hypokalemia at "D."

Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting.

Identify the possible consequences of hypercalcemia at "B."

Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting.

Identify the possible causes of hypokalemia at "C."

Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy

Acidosis results from elevated levels of what ion?

Hydrogen

Identify the possible causes of hypercalcemia at "A."

Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory alkalosis.

Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

Identify the possible consequences of hypocalcemia at "D."

Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

Identify the possible consequences of hyponatremia at "D."

Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).

Identify the possible consequences of hyperkalemia at "B."

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis.

Identify the possible causes of hyperkalemia at "A."

Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells

Identify the possible causes of hyponatremia at "C."

Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?

Their inefficient kidneys

Identify the possible consequences of hypernatremia at "B."

Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions.

Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic alkalosis.

Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________.

inefficiency of infant kidneys

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body.

minerals such as iron

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.

respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation can lead to __________.

respiratory alkalosis