CH 26 The Urinary System

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves

Al answers -a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts -an increase in facultative water reabsorption -aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells -the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains

All answers -nutrients -urea -hydrogen ions -water

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

All answers -penicillin -creatinine -hydrogen ions -potassium ions

Why might a person take diuretics?

All answers -to treat congestive heart failure -to reduce body weight -to reduce water retention -to reduce blood pressure

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

It is the tip of the medullary pyramid

the blood vessel conduits become increasingly smaller until you finally reach the ____

afferent arteriole

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane

albumin

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

capillaries

The urinary system does all of the following except

excreting excess albumin molecules

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

within a fraction of a second you are swept across the filtration membrane into the _____

glomerular capsule

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Major calyces are

large branches of the renal pelvis

which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

large proteins

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?

lipid digestion

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

loop of Henle and the collecting duct

your next sample doesn't have to be collected until you reach the "hairpin" or using proper terminology_____

loop of henle

as you continue your journey you notice that the tubule cells have fingerlike projections extending from their surfaces into the lumen of the tubule. These are_____

microvilli

there is a much higher concentration of ____ wastes here

nitrogenous

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx

papillary duct

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries

peritubular

In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules

polycystic kidney disease

Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate?

protein

albuminuria

protein in the urine

there are essentially no ____

proteins

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule

you have at least 2 minutes to relax before reaching the ___

renal artery

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

renal corpuscle

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

there are many fewer__ ions but more of the __ ions noted

sodium and potassium

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney

superior

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases

the osmolarity of the urine decreases

Urine is eliminated through the

urethra

Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

color of the filtrate is yellow indicating high relative concentration of the pigment____

urochrome

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

vasa recta

the process of filtration is

(1) capsular space (2) proximal convoluted tubule (3) loop of henle (4) distal convoluted tubule (5) collecting duct (6) papillary duct (7) minor calyx (8) renal pelvis

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

-collecting duct, -renal pelvis, -ureter, -bladder, -urethra

cells associated with juxtaglomerular apparatus

-macula densa -juxtaglomerular -extraglomerular mesangial

Renal blood flow is about

1 liter/min

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels? 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary

4-renal artery 3-interlobar artery 2-arcuate artery 6-cortical radiate artery 1-afferent arteriole 5-glomerulus 7-efferent arteriole 8-peritubular capillary

the pH is acidic 6.0. This is quite a change from the pH of ____ recorded fo the newly formed filtrate

7.4

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

filtration membrane from the blood steam into a renal ____

Corpuscle

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH

anuria

absence of urine formation

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water

The renal sinus is

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

bilirubinuria

bilirubin in urine

The process of filtration is driven mainly by

blood hydrostatic pressure

you study the readout form the sample and note that it is very similar in composition to_____

blood plasma

Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops

cortex

feeding into the filtering device or____

glomerulus

virtually no nutrients such as___ and ___ are left in the filtrate

glucose and amino acids

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

hilum

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except

increase the glomerular filtration rate

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?

it will contain large amounts of urobilin

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex