Ch 3 EEC 300

The beginning of the pregnancy — smallest to biggest

1. zygote 2. embryo 3. fetus

How many chromosomes does a gamete, or sex cell, have?

23

mitosis

a cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides

What is a small segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome called?

a gene

What is the definition of genotype?

a person's genetic heritage heritage, the actual genetic material

When a single sperm unites with an ovum in the fallopian tube, what occurs?

a zygote is formed

Niche-picking, or _______, genotype-environment correlations occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.

active

What type of study is usually the best choice for examining how much genetic factors contribute to an individual's traits?

adoption

Genes that produce alternative expressions of a characteristic are called

alleles

fertilization

an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are NOT related to sexual expression are called

autosomes

When is a woman most likely to conceive?

between the 6th and 21st day of the menstrual cycle

Cleft palate, cleft lip and down syndrome are the most prevalent types of ______ disorders.

birth

Joan's family has a high rate of brown eyed family members. This limitation of this variance is known as

canalization

Some _____________ abnormalities are not present at birth including cystic fibrosis and TaySachs disease.

chromosomal

xyy

chromosomal disorder in which the male has an extra y chromosome

turner syndrome

chromosomal disordering females in which either an x chromosome is missing, making the person x0 instead of xx, or a part is deleted

What are coils of DNA that carry genes called?

chromosomes

What has 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent?

chromosomes

Assisted reproductive technology refers to ___________ through artificial means

conception

Identify all of the common causes of infertility in women:

disease of the uterine lining, mucus in the cervix, failure to produce ova

Klinefelter syndrome

disorder in which males have an extra x chromosome

The most frequently occurring twin type is

dizygotic (fraternal)

In _________ inheritance the dominant allele is always expressed.

dominant

The epigenetic view emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the __________

environment

The mechanism that turns genes on or off is called

epigenesis

Fertilization typically takes place in the

fallopian tube

_________ studies measure the degree to which biological relatives share certain traits and whether the closeness of the familial relationship is associated with degree of similarity.

family

The process by which an ovum and sperm are combined is called

fertilization

is the experimental technique for repairing or replacing defective genes.

gene therapy

segments of chromosomes, are found in every cell in the human body, contain thousands of bases

genes

Mary and Zak want to know the risks for having a child with a family birth defect. They decide to go to a ___________ ___________ to get scientific information about the probability of their child having that disorder.

genetic counselor

phenylketonuria (pku)

genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid

fragile x syndrome

genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the x chromosome

Which of the following are considered potential risk factors for the development of schizophrenia?

genetic mutations, mother exposed to the flu during pregnancy, infants born in late winter in urban areas, father is over the age of 30

The human _______ is the complete sequence of genes in the human body.

genome

A person's total genetic makeup including both expressed and unexpressed traits is the person's

genotype

The effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals is the focus of

genotype-environment interactions

Behavioral genetics seeks to discover the influence of ________, as well as the environment, on human development

heredity

The study of ______ is the science of traits inherited from one's biological parents.

heredity

What is the statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population?

heritability

Jorge is _______________ because he carries genes for both blue eyes and brown eyes.

heterozygous

What is a trait characterized by two identical alleles?

homozygous

Which of the following are treatment options for couples with fertility problems?

hormone treatment, drug therapy, surgery

What do twin studies compare?

identical and fraternal twins, monozygotic and dizygotic twins

The pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in parietal expression of a trait is called ___________ dominance.

incomplete

Producing too few or insufficiently mobile sperm is the most common cause of _________ in men.

infertility

is defined as an inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of trying

infertility

Artificial _________ is an injection of sperm into a woman's vagina, cervix, and uterus.

insemination

Issues such as whether the culture encourages small or large families or values one sex over another is a part of one's

macrosystem

The cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and two new cells are formed is called

mitosis

Joe and Jeff are identical twins. This type of twin is also known as

monozygotic

Obesity is a _____________ condition meaning that part of the risk stems from genetics, but is also influenced by the environment

multicultural

Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that produce harmful characteristics are

mutations

A child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are called __________ environmental effects.

non shared

A risk factor for Down Syndrome is:

older age for the mother

The female egg is known as the

ovum

A person's _________ consists of observable characteristics that result from genes that are either dominant or homozygous (NOT recessive).

phenotype

A trait that is due to the interaction of several genes is due to

polygenic inheritance

Heredity and environment can both be measured which make them (quantitative/qualitative)

quantitative

Improved nutrition has helped to increase the average body size in some populations over previous generations. This difference in heredity expression is consistent with the concept of

reaction range

Zack is always smiling. Therefore his teachers tend to respond to him in a more pleasant and attentive way. What does this exemplify?

reactive genotype-environment correlations

When a trait is expressed as a result of two recessive alleles, one from each parents, it is called

recessive inheritance

Environmental influences include which of the following?

schooling, parenting, and neighborhood

What are the pair of chromosomes that consist of X or Y called?

sex chromosomes

Josh has red-green color blindness. This is an example of a ________________ disorder.

sex-linked

One's characteristic style of approaching and reacting to situations is called

temperament

meiosis

this is a specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperm only

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of one's microsystem?

whether the culture encourages large or small families

What is the single cell that is formed through fertilization called?

zygote