CH. 3 TEST (ORGANIC COMPOUNDS)

DNA

(Deoxyribonucleic acid) -Contains info that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities -Makes up genes on chromosomes -Composed of molecules called nucleotides (5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base)

RNA

(Ribonucleic acid) -Stores and transfers info from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins -Act as enzymes -Helps pass on hereditary info from DNA -Composed of molecules called nucleotides (5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base)

polymers

-A molecule that consists of repeated, linked units (MONOMERS)

carbohydrates

-An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom -Can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides -Function=energy -Ex.: glucose, galactose, fructose (mono.), sucrose, lactose (dis.), glycogen & cellulose= starches (poly.)

polysaccharides

-Complex -Ex: glycogen

organic compounds

-Contain the element carbon -Most occur naturally -Formed by polymerization (the bonding of two or more monomers to make a polymer)

disaccharides

-Double sugar -Ex.: sucrose

lipids

-Large, nonpolar organic molecules -Do not dissolve in water -Include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments -Made of mostly C and H -Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates have -Store more engery per gram than carbohydrates (provide 2x the energy than carbohydrates) -Function= store energy -Part of cell structure (like cell membranes) -Structure: glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids attached -Ex.: fats, oils, waxes

unsaturated

-Less hydrogen/some double bonds between carbons

macromolecules

-Long chains of carbons made of polymers; when you break them apart you have the original monomers that made them up -Ex.: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

saturated

-Maxium hydrogens/single bonds

condensation reaction

-Monomer+Monomer -> Polymer+water (water is released) -Each time a monomer is added to a chain, a water molecule is released. This is also called dehydration -Water is removed to build a polymer

proteins

-Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen -Formed from the linkage of monomers called amino acids -Building blocks of life -Make up structural parts of cells, tissues, hormones, antibodies, enzymes, used to form bones and muscle, etc.

enzymes

-RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts -Essential for the functioning of any cell -Type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed chemical reactions up -Used over and over, and will temporary bond with compounds to weaken their bonds, so they are more easily broken apart -Lock and Key Theory: enzyme is key; chemical compound is lock; stick key in, unlock, withdraw key to use next time

monosaccharides

-Simple -Ex: glucose

monomers

-Small, simple molecules -Form to make polymers

hydrolysis

-To break up polymer? Add water -Polymer+water -> Monomer+Monomer -Water is added to break bonds

nucleic acids

-Very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important info in the cell -Hereditary material -Composed of molecules called nucleotides (5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base)