Ch. 3: The Molecules of Cells

polysaccharide

Many sugars together Starch Thousands of glucose molecules joined together which must be broken down for energy

protein

Most common organic in cells C,H,O,,P Provide structure to living cells and have many other important functions (receptors, enzymes, antibodies, regulators, etc.) Can also be used for energy made out of amino acids (monomer)

enzymes

Provide structure to living cells and have many other important functions type of protein

cellulose

Provides structure for plant cell walls (fiber)

chitin

Provides structure in animals and fungi

quaternary level

is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

denaturation

when you break something down

nucleotide

form the basic structural component fro DNA and RNA

organic compounds

- All contain carbon and usually hydrogen and oxygen - May also contain other elements - All living things are made up of mostly water and the organic compounds - Described using a structural formula which is a map of the atoms and the bonds in the molecule - Organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids - All organics contain long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen, oxygen, and functional groups attached - Carbon needs 4 electrons so loves to covalently bond: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 5. Each organic is made up some type of MONOMER (building block) that bond together to form the POLYMER organic

Describe the processes of dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis

- Bonds are formed through the removal of water. - It is the chemical reation in which two molecules are joined covalently by the removal of -OH from one molecule and -H atom from the other molecule. - It is also known as condensation. - Most reactions involved joining monomers into polymers. - Bonds are broken through the addition of water. - It is the chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller unites by the reaction with water's addition. - Most reactions inolve splitting polymers into monomers. - It is how we break down foods into smaller units that can be used for our cells.

amino acid

20 different amino acids differ by R group Most proteins are 100's to 1000's of amino acids Each cell has thousands of proteins Join together by PEPTIDE BONDS to form proteins: A molecule of water is removed from two glycine amino acids to form a peptide bond

peptide bond

A molecule of water is removed from two glycine amino acids to form a peptide bond

lipids

Also contain C, H, O Have many more bonds than carbs so carry more energy Takes longer to digest Functions concentrated energy storage Structure / messengers One fat molecule is made up of glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids (monomers)

List the four main organic polymers and their constituent monomers. Give examples of each and describe their structure and function.

Carbohydrates- Sugars; Provide energy (mono, di, poly, sacch.), Structure (cellulose, chitin) Lipids (fats)- Glycerol and 3 fatty acids; Concentrated energy, Structure, Messengers Proteins- Amino Acids; Lots!!, Energy, Structure, Enzymes, Antibodies, Hormones, Regulators Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides; Store/ carry genetic info

Describe the unique structure of carbon that determines its unique function.

Carbon is the primary component of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbon's molecular structure allows it to bond in many different ways and with many different elements.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid found in all living things

disaccharide

Double sugars Sucrose, lactose Must be broken down before used for fuel

Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers.

Each organic is made up some type of MONOMER (building block) that bond together to form the POLYMER (organic) when 2 or more monomers join together, a polymer forms

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid half of DNA

monosaccharides

Single simple sugar (5-6 carbons) Glucose, fructose, galactose Main fuel for cells

steroids/cholesterol

Steroids Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane

phospholipids

Structural lipids that make up part of the cell membrane

starch

Thousands of glucose molecules joined together which must be broken down for energy

hydrolysis

When organic compounds are broken down and energy is released the process needs water

dehydration reaction

a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule

alpha helix

a common secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand-coiled or spiral conformation

primary level

a sequence of a chain of amino acids

glycogen

a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store for carbohydrates

monomer

building block

beta pleated sheet

consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet

unsaturated

double bonds for more movement liquid at room temp (plant oils) (fatty acids)

saturated

no double bonds solid at room temp (animal fats) (fatty acids)

tertiary level

occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helixes and pleated sheets

secondary level

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

polymer

organic

polypeptide

protein