Ch 31 and 33 mastering biology

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. 3 and 5 3, 4, and 5 1 and 2 2 and 4

3 and 5

hich of the following statements is correct? Hints All animals share a common ancestor. Sponges are diploblastic animals. The origin of all extant animal phyla can be traced to the Cambrian explosion. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Radiata. Eumetazoans have three embryonic tissue layers.

All animals share a common ancestor.

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? Deuterostomes have radial cleavage. Deuterostomes have indeterminate development. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus.

Deuterostomes have indeterminate development.

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus? Hints Determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular. Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic. See if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote. See if it reproduces sexually. Look for cell walls under a microscope.

Look for cell walls under a microscope.

Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes? Hints They are diploblastic. They are dorsoventrally flattened. They are radially symmetrical. They are all parasitic. They typically reproduce asexually.

They are dorsoventrally flattened.

Identify the features that distinguish animals from organisms in other multicellular kingdoms. Select all that apply. Animals are motile. Animals have sensory organs at their anterior end. Animals are ingestive heterotrophs.

animals are ingestive heterotrophs

A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. Hints roundworm lancelet crustacean mollusc annelid

annelid

Members of the phylum Mollusca _____. Hints are filter feeders have segmented bodies and paired, jointed appendages are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell have tentacles surrounding a central mouth/anus have closed circulatory systems

are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell

Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. Zygomycota Chytridomycota Ascomycota Chordata Basidiomycota

ascomycota

Fungi produce _____ spores. dikaryotic heterokaryotic haploid diploid triploid

haploid

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission

meisosis

Select the correct statement about the evolution of animals. Approximately half the phyla of living organisms are found in Cambrian sediments. The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old. No animal fossils are found in strata formed before the Cambrian explosion.

The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old.

Which of the following is true of annelids? Hints They have a nerve net. They have an open circulatory system. They have a gastrovascular cavity. They perform gas exchange across their skin. They have pseudocoeloms.

They perform gas exchange across their skin.

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? Hints Spores Mycelium Basidia Hyphae

basidia

Plasmogamy is indicated by _____.

fusion of cytoplasm

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia

surroundings

Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle zygote spore-producing structures mycelium hypha

the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. Hints True False

true

e distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of a complete digestive tract. true tissues. mesoderm. a body cavity. a circulatory system

true tissues

Select the correct statement(s) about animal body plans. Select all that apply. In both protostomes and deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes). All triploblastic animals possess a coelom.

Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes).

Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Hints Fungi have cell walls. Plants produce spores. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction.

Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic.

The following statements describe something about the body structures or functions of fungi. Identify those statements that are correct. Select all that apply. Hints Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. Cellulose gives rigidity and strength to the cell walls of fungi. Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients. Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms. All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts. Nutrients can flow through the entire mycelium in fungi with coenocytic hyphae, but not in fungi with septate hyphae.

Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients. Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms. All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts.

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom? Pseudocoeloms arose early in animal evolution and evolved into coeloms. Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue. A coelom is a true body cavity, whereas a pseudocoelom is a false coelom that is not fully functional.

Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. Hints endocytosis absorption photosynthesis chemosynthesis ingestion

absorption

Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship? Hints Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores. Fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing mammals. Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. All of the above.

all of above

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion. Hints Devonian Cambrian Pleistocene Carboniferous Jurassic

cambrian

Most fungi are _____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs

decomposers

Karyogamy produces a _____. diploid zygote haploid zygote spores mycelium hypha

diploid zygote

Which of the following is radially symmetrical? Hints a dog a submarine sandwich an automobile a spoon a doughnut

doughnut

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. Hints True False

false

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians? Hints mesoderm an anus gastrovascular cavity radula bilateral symmetry

gastrovascular cavity

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? Hints Hyphae are produced by mitosis. Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. The mycelium forms

hyphae are produced by mitosis

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. Hints sporangia ... dikaryon mycelia ... dikaryon hyphae ... mycelium hyphae ... chytrid mycelia ... hypha

hyphae.... mycellium

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. using enzymes to digest their food ingesting it consuming living, rather than dead, prey preying on animals

ingesting it

Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as _____. Hints lophophorates flatworms trochophorates eumetazoans ecdysozoans

iophophorates

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Hints Mycelium Basidia Gills Spore

mycelium

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Hints Motile spores Basidium Asci Mycelium

mycelium

All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____. Hints Pliocene Neoproterozoic era Devonian Cenozoic Jurassic

neoproterzoic era

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because _____. their body cavity, a pseudocoelom, carries out these functions their flame bulbs can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as _____. Hints fragmentation parthenogenesis binary fission sperm-stealing budding

parthenogenesis

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Karyogamy Spore Heterokaryotic Plasmogamy

plasmogamy

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____. Hints Porifera Echinodermata Ctenophora Cnidaria Lycophyta

profera