Ch. 31 - Infection Prevention and Management, CH 25 Vital Signs-PrepU, Micro Mastery, 220 chapter 18: lab specimen collection, Prep U - Ch 18

The nurse is taking the apical pulse of a 6-month-old infant. Upon completion, the nurse tells the parent the baby's pulse is 140 beats per minute. The parent is concerned, stating, "That seems kind of high!" The nurse responds:

"I know it seems fast, but normal infant heart rates are 100-160 beats per minute."

The nurse is teaching an adult client how to monitor the pulse rate. Which statement by the client demonstrates understanding of a normal pulse rate?

"If my pulse is higher than 100 beats/min at rest, that is considered abnormal."

A client with a localized inflammatory response asks the nurse why the area is reddened. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"It is the result of blood accumulating in the dilated vessels."

A client who has had repeated infections asks the nurse what he can do to improve his ability to resist infection. Which suggestion would be least appropriate for the nurse to give?

"Limit your intake of water each day to about 4 to 5 glasses."

A 36-year-old patient is in the clinic for an annual physical. The patient asks the nurse "should I get a flu shot." Which of the following is the best response by the nurse?

"The flu shot is recommended for people over 6 months of age."

While recording the pulse of an infant at 160 beats/min, the parent asks if it is normal for the infant's pulse rate to be so high. Which statement by the nurse best answers the parent's question?

"A heart rate of 160 beats/min is normal for a healthy infant."

The nurse is teaching about West Nile virus. Which statement by the nurse is accurate?

"There is no treatment for West Nile virus infection."

You are caring for a patient who has an infection spread by respiratory droplets and is in Droplet Precautions. The patient asks, "Can my spouse visit me?" Which of the following responses is correct?

"Yes, as long as your spouse wears a mask and stays at least 3 feet away from you."

a nurse is attempting to enlarge the veins of a client before venipuncture. Which techniques are appropriate? Select all that apply -apply a warm compress to the limb before applying the tourniquet -lower the limbs arm before applying the tourniquet -lightly tap the skin over the vein -ask the client to make a fist -leave the tourniquet in place for up to 5 minutes before attempting venipuncture

-apply a warm compress to the limb before applying the tourniquet -lower the limbs arm before applying the tourniquet -lightly tap the skin over the vein -ask the client to make a fist

the nurse is instructing the client about collection of sputum specimen. Prior to assisting the client, what things should the nurse review with the client? Select all that apply -make sure not to rinse mouth out with water prior to procedure -clear nose and throat before beginning procedure -sit up straight in bed as fully as possible -spit forcefully into the specimen cup -inhale deeply two or three times before trying to obtain specimen

-clear nose and throat before beginning procedure -sit up straight in bed as fully as possible -inhale deeply two or three times before trying to obtain specimen

the nurse is preparing to obtain a stool specimen for ova and parasites culture. Which actions are correct? Select all that apply -obtain the sample immediately after the client has a bowel movement -collect 15-30mL of stool -include flecks of barium, if visible, in the specimen -include visible blood, mucus, or pus in the specimen -use a specimen container with preservatives -refrigerate the container until it can be transported to laboratory

-obtain the sample immediately after the client has a bowel movement -collect 15-30mL of stool -include visible blood, mucus, or pus in the specimen -refrigerate the container until it can be transported to laboratory

the nurse is reviewing a urine analysis report and notes there are nitrates and white blood cells in the urine. What interventions would be necessary by the nurse? Select all that apply -prepare to obtain midstream specimen -prepare to obtain specimen by catheterization -prepare to obtain urine culture -obtain another voided specimen for comparison -notify health care provider

-prepare to obtain specimen by catheterization -prepare to obtain urine culture -notify health care provider

A nurse is caring for a client, age 4 years, who is being treated for osteomyelitis in his left femur. He is on a 28-day course of IV vancomycin to be administered daily at 1300. Today is day 3 of treatment, and the pharmacist asks the nurse to draw a peak vancomycin level. What would be the most appropriate time to draw this blood?

1500

A nurse is assessing the respiratory rate of a sleeping 28-day-old infant. What would the nurse document as a normal finding?

30 to 60 breaths/min

A nurse suspects that a client may be developing sepsis based on assessment findings. The practitioner orders a serum lactate level to be obtained. When reviewing the results, which serum lactate level would the nurse identify as indicative of sepsis?

4.6 mmol/L

The nurse has completed an assessment and notes that the client's blood pressure is 132/92 mmHg. What is this client's pulse pressure?

40 mmHg

The nurse is instructing the family on home care of a patient with shingles. The family member asks if their teenage children should stay in a different room. What is the best response by the nurse?

"Have they had chickenpox or the varicella vaccine?"

The nurse is educating the client on culture and sensitivity test. The client wants know to when the nurse could get the results back. Which response should the nurse use?

"It could take 24 to 36 hours to grow cultures and about 48 hours for sensitivity."

A pregnant patient asks the nurse if it is all right for her take the varicella immunization for entrance into nursing school. What is the best response by the nurse?

"It is not recommended that pregnant women take the live virus. You should wait until after your child is born."

A client with a wound infection asks the nurse, "What causes this puslike drainage in my wound?" Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"Your white blood cells have increased in the area."

A nurse is reviewing a client's complete white blood cell (WBC) count and differential. The nurse determines that the client is experiencing neutropenia based on which absolute neutrophil count?

800 cells/mm3 (less than 1000)

A patient has developed chickenpox and asks the nurse what the incubation period would be. What should the nurse inform the patient?

10-21 days

The nurse has requested the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) check the temperature of a 19-month-old client who has been admitted for pneumonia. Which reading should the nurse question if noted in the record?

102.4°F/39.1°C (T)

A nurse in an oncology care unit is reviewing the laboratory test results of several clients. The nurse identifies that the client with which leukocyte count most likely has an infection?

18,000 cells/mm

When assessing an infant's axillary temperature, it will be:

1°F (0.5°C) lower than an oral temperature.

A client is being screened for a parasitic infection and the physician orders stool specimens. When explaining to the client about collecting the specimens, the nurse would inform the client that the specimens will be collected daily for:

3 days.

A nursing student is preparing to return demonstrate the skill of handwashing. Which of the following would indicate that the student needs additional teaching?

Adjusts the water temperature to be hot

The nurse instructor is discussing the relation of early ambulation and infection control. Which response from the student indicates the need for further explanation?

All clients must ambulate as early as possible to avoid infection.

As a member of an infectious disease practice, understanding the infectious process is integral to your nursing practice. Infection is a disease process that results from microorganisms which include:

All options are correct

Millie Carson, a 70-year-old female is a client in your hospital unit with multidrug resistant sepsis. Several antibiotics have been ineffective in fighting her sepsis. How could that occur?

All options are correct

The nurse is caring for a client with an impaired immune system. The nurse is concerned about the client acquiring a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). What intervention would the nurse focus on to help control HAIs?

Apply principles of medical and surgical asepsis.

A nurse is preparing to obtain a specimen for an aerobic wound culture. The nurse would obtain the specimen from which area?

Area of active drainage

The nurse is caring for a newborn with bluish nails and lips, rapid respirations, sweating, and having difficulty feeding. Which considerations should the nurse use when assessing the blood pressure to screen for potential cardiac problems? Select all that apply.

Assess blood pressure in upper extremities. Assess blood pressure in lower extremities. If the diastolic blood pressure continues to "0," document as the reading/P for "pulse."

A nurse is changing the soiled bed linens of an older adult client who has urinary incontinence and is hospitalized. The nurse monitors the client closely based on the understanding that this client is at greater risk for which of the following?

Bacteremia

A nursing instructor is preparing a class to discuss the different types of white blood cells. What would the instructor most likely include as granulocytes? Select all that apply.

Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils

The nurse is discussing childhood immunization recommendations with a pediatric patient's parent. Where would the nurse find the most current information on this topic?

CDC

Which peripheral pulse site is generally used in emergency situations?

Carotid

A nursing instructor is describing the phases of a febrile episode. What would the instructor describe as happening first?

Chill

Which statement is true of health care personnel and good hand hygiene?

Compliance is difficult to achieve.

What would be considered a mechanical defense mechanism?

Coughing

The process of phagocytosis involves

Digestion of microbes by WBCs

Assessment of a client's temperature reveals hyperpyrexia. The nurse interprets this as indicating that the client's temperature is most likely:

Greater than 40.5°C

An experienced nurse is teaching a student nurse the proper use of hand hygiene. Which of the following is an accurate guideline that should be discussed?

Hand hygiene must be performed after contact with inanimate objects near the client.

w

Hepatitis B vaccine

A nurse follows surgical asepsis techniques for inserting an indwelling urinary catheter in a client. Which of the following is an accurate guideline for using this technique?

Hold sterile objects above waist level to prevent accidental contamination.

Which of the following is an example of the body's defense against infection?

Immune response

A client receiving multi-antibiotic treatment is reporting oral thrush and refuses to eat his meals. Which intervention must the nurse perform next?

Inform the physician about this finding.

A client comes to the emergency department with major burns over 40% of his body. Although all of the following are true, which one would provide the rationale for a nursing diagnosis of Risk for Infection?

Intact skin and mucous membranes protect against microbial invasion.

The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the acute care unit with a fever of unknown origin. Considering how the immune system works, which of the following are considered chemical barriers to invading bacteria?

Mucus, acidic gastric secretions, and saliva enzymes

Nurse A. is working her fourth consecutive shift at the hospital, and frequent handwashing over the past 3 days has dried her skin and resulted in a crack in the skin over one of her knuckles. As a result, Nurse A. has applied a small transparent dressing to cover the crack for the duration of this shift. Which of the following components of the infection cycle is Nurse A. addressing by this action?

Portal of entry

When pouring a sterile solution, what care should the nurse take to avoid contamination of the solution?

Pour and discard a small amount of the solution before each use

A client is experiencing generalized weakness and body aches. In the progress of infection the client is in the

Prodromal Period

During an interaction with a client who is HIV-positive, the nurse learns that the client has nonspecific symptoms such as nausea, fever, general weakness, and aches and pains. The nurse interprets these findings as reflecting which stage of the communicable period?

Prodromal period

An infection-control nurse is discussing needlestick injuries with a group of newly hired nurses. The infection control nurse informs the group that most needlestick injuries result from which of the following?

Recapping a needle

A nurse needs to assess the temperature of a client with high fever. Which site will most closely reflect core body temperature of the client?

Rectum

Which of the following is an accurate guideline for the use of PPE?

Replace gloves if they are visibly soiled.

A nurse is caring for a client with Lyme disease. Which of the following causes Lyme disease?

Rickettsiae

The nurse prepares to take a temperature of a client admitted with a myocardial infarction. The client is eating breakfast. Which action should the nurse choose?

Take the temperature the axillary route

Which are considered vital signs? Select all that apply.

Temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure.

A client is in the fever phase. His temperature remains significantly elevated. The nurse is preparing to implement sponge bathing. Which type of water would the nurse most likely use?

Tepid water

The nurse is checking the client's temperature. The client feels warm to touch. However, the client's temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C). Which statement could explain this?

The client is covered with a couple of thick blankets.

What is the best rationale for health care providers receiving the influenza vaccination on a yearly basis?

To decrease risk of transmission to vulnerable patients

Nursing students are reviewing the various infectious diseases that require transmission-based precautions. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which infectious disease as requiring airborne precautions?

Tuberculosis

A client with cancer has been receiving chemotherapy for the past few weeks. The nurse is concerned about infection and is reviewing the white blood cell count (WBC) in the chart. Which result supports this concern?

WBC of 25,000 mcL

A nurse would perform handwashing instead of using an alcohol-based product for which situation?

When hands are visibly soiled from care

Which client would the nurse consider at risk for low blood pressure?

a client with low blood volume

The nurse walks into the client's room to pick up the dinner tray and notes the client has not eaten. Which action should the nurse prioritize after noting the client appears sleepy, has perspiration on the forehead, and the face appears flushed?

assess temperature

A nurse suspects that a client has a respiratory infection. Which symptom would the nurse be least likely to assess?

clear mucus

In which population should the nurse recognize an increased risk for infection? Select all that apply.

debilitated clients older adults clients with impaired skin integrity

After educating students about changes in the immune system and risk for infection as people age, the instructor determines that the education was successful when the students identify:

decreased cellular immunity.

The nurse understands that accurate blood pressure taking is dependent on several factors. Which example will most likely render an accurate blood pressure reading?

elevating the client's arm at heart level

The Neutropenic Precaution sign was posted outside the client's room. Which subsequent nursing action supports this set-up?

eliminating vegetable salads from the diet.

A nurse is developing a presentation for a local community group about infections and resistance to them. When describing acquired specific defenses, what would the nurse most likely include?

humoral immunity

A client presents to the clinic reporting fever and abdominal pain. Blood work shows an elevated white count. This client is:

in the acute phase.

A nurse is assessing a client for signs and symptoms of infection. What would the nurse expect to asses? Select all that apply.

increased respiratory rate lymph node enlargement fever

The physician orders a serum trough drug level for a client who is receiving antibiotic therapy. The client is receiving the drug every 6 hours: at midnight, 6 a.m., noon and 6 p.m. The nurse anticipates that the specimen would be obtained:

just before the 6 a.m. dose.

A nurse can most accurately assess a client's heart rate and rhythm by which of the following methods?

listen with the stethoscope at the fifth intercostal space left mid-clavicular line

Which outcome best reflects achievement of the goal, "The client will demonstrate correct steps in taking his own pulse rate"?

palpation of the radial pulse on the thumb side of the inner aspect of the wrist.

The nurse is providing care to a client with Lyme disease. The nurse identifies the cause of this infection as:

parasite

When developing a plan of care for a client who has developed neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy, which of the following would the nurse most likely include? Select all that apply.

placing the client in a private room having the client wear a mask when outside the room removing fresh flowers from the room

what is the correct way to collect a stool sample to determine the presence of occult blood?

placing the drops of developer on the back side of the stool sampling card, not directly on the stool

Infants' and children's pulses vary most with:

respirations.

Every 2 hours, the nurse turns and repositions the client who is experiencing frequent diarrhea. This action supports, among other things, infection prevention. Which assessment indicates that there is a positive outcome from this nursing care?

skin is dry and intact

A nurse is working with a 50-year-old woman status post liver transplant. She is on multiple immunosuppressive drug therapies, is intubated, and is n.p.o. with parenteral nutrition running through a central line. What would raise the nurse's suspicions that the client is developing septicemia? Select all that apply.

temperature of 103.1°F (39.5°C) A WBC count of 15,000 with 12% bands

A pulse deficit is the difference between:

the apical and the radial pulse rates.

A nurse is caring for a client who has influenza and varicella. Which type of transmission precautions should the nurse follow when caring for the client? Select all that apply.

• Contact • Airborne • Droplet

A nurse is following medical asepsis when caring for patients in a critical care unit. Which nursing actions follow these principles? (Select all that apply.)

• The nurse carries soiled items away from the body. • The nurse moves soiled equipment away from the body when cleaning it. • The nurse cleans least soiled areas first and then moves to more soiled ones.

A nurse practitioner is setting up a sterile field to perform a biopsy on a patient. Which actions follow recommended guidelines for this procedure? (Select all that apply.)

• The nurse considers the outer 1-inch edge of the sterile field to be contaminated. • The nurse discards a sterile field when a portion of it becomes contaminated. • The nurse calls for help when realizing a supply is missing.

A nurse is preparing an operation theater for a surgical procedure. Which of the following points regarding the principles of surgical asepsis should the nurse keep in mind when preparing sterilized surgical instruments?

A commercially packaged surgical item is not considered sterile if past expiry date.

The nurse is speaking to the physician regarding the client's frequent diarrhea episode since starting IV antibiotics. The nurse states "I am concerned that Mr. Clark has developed Clostridium Difficile infection". Which part of the SBAR communication will this statement fall into?

A= Assessment

A nurse is working with an 82-year-old man following gallbladder surgery. He is n.p.o. and has IV access in his hand. He also has a Foley catheter in place. He is able to ambulate with the aid of a walker. What does not lower this client's immunity?

Ambulation

What are the recommended cleansing agents for hand hygiene in any setting when the risk of infection is high?

Antimicrobial products

Which of the following statements about glove use and hand hygiene is true?

Artificial fingernails should not be worn by staff involved in direct client care.

A nurse is caring for a client with meningococcal meningitis in a private room located close to the nursing unit of the health care facility. Which of the following infection control measures should the nurse take?

Ask housekeeping personnel to clean the client's room last

The postoperative client refuses to do deep breathing, and he refuses to turn while in bed. He informs the nurse that it hurts for him to do both of these things. Which intervention should the nurse perform first?

Assess client's pain level and manage pain accordingly.

The nurse is attempting to assess a client's radial pulse. The pulse is weak, irregular and unable to be counted. What action would the nurse take next?

Assess the apical pulse.

The nurse needs to obtain an admission weight for a client diagnosed with end-stage lung cancer. To obtain the client's weight, what should the nurse do first?

Assess the client's ability to stand or sit.

The registered nurse is collaborating in the care of several medical clients. Which tasks may the nurse safely delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? Select all that apply.

Assessment of a client's axillary temperature Assessment of a client's radial pulse

The surgical nurse is caring for four clients. Which tasks can the nurse delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? Select all that apply.

Attaining an admission weight for a client using a portable bed scale. Ambulating the client who is third day postoperative from right knee surgery. Documenting the urinary output of the client with a Foley catheter.

A nurse attempts to count the respiratory rate of a client via inspection and finds that the client is breathing at such a shallow rate that it cannot be counted. What is an alternative method of determining the respiratory rate for this client?

Auscultate lung sounds, count respirations for 30 seconds, and multiply by 2.

When assessing a client's radial pulse, the nurse notes an irregular rhythm with a rate of 62 beats per minute. What intervention should the nurse implement next?

Auscultate the apical pulse for 60 seconds

The nurse has palpated the client's radial artery and identified a heart rate of 88 beats per minute with an irregular rate. What is the nurse's most appropriate action?

Auscultate the client's apical heart rate

An obese client has developed peripheral edema as a consequence of heart failure, making it very difficult for the student nurse to accurately palpate the client's peripheral pulses. How should the nurse proceed with this assessment?

Auscultate the client's apical pulse.

A nurse is assessing the respirations of a 60-year-old female client and finds that the client's breaths are so shallow that the respirations cannot be counted. What would be the appropriate initial nursing intervention in this situation?

Auscultate the lung sounds and count respirations.

A nurse is preparing to administer a patient's scheduled dose of subcutaneous heparin. To reduce the risk of needlestick injury, the nurse should perform what action?

Avoid recapping the needle before disposing of it.

At 8:30 a.m., the client is admitted to the floor from the clinic with an infected spider bite wound. When administering the antibiotic, choose the time that infusion should be done following the severe sepsis resuscitation protocol.

By 9 a.m. to ensure early administration of antibiotics

A nurse working at a health care facility understands the need for providing aseptic care when caring for clients. Which of the following clients is at greatest risk for infections?

Client with burn injuries

A client has a concentration of Staphylococcus aureus located on his skin. He is not showing signs of increased temperature, redness, or pain at the site. The nurse is aware that this is a sign of a microorganism at which stage?

Colonization

The infectious control nurse is presenting a program on west nile virus for a local community group. To reduce the incidence of this disease, the nurse should recommend what action?

Consistent use of mosquito repellants

You are donning a pair of sterile gloves. You correctly don the first glove, but inadvertently insert the thumb and index finger into the thumb hole of the second glove. The glove remains intact. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?

Continue to don the glove, then use the other gloved hand to carefully insert the finger into the proper hole.

You have completed an intervention with a patient. There is no visible soiling on your hands. Which of the following techniques is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for hand hygiene?

Decontaminate hands using an alcohol-based hand rub.

A nurse is assessing an apical pulse on a cardiac client. The client is taking digoxin, which is a cardiac medication. The nurse can anticipate that the digoxin will:

Decrease the apical pulse

A client admitted with dehydration reports feeling dizzy with ambulation. What teaching would the nurse provide to the client?

"Dizziness when you change position can occur when fluid volume in the body is decreased."

a nurse is performing a nasal swab of a client to aid in the diagnosis of an infectious respiratory tract disease. Which actions should the nurse take? select all that apply -rotate the swab against the anterior nasal mucosa 5 times -moisten the swab with sterile water -lightly squeeze bottom of collection tube to break the seal on the culture medium -remove the swab immediately after performing the rotations -insert the swab 2 cm into one naris -swab the second naris using a new swab

-rotate the swab against the anterior nasal mucosa 5 times -moisten the swab with sterile water -lightly squeeze bottom of collection tube to break the seal on the culture medium -insert the swab 2 cm into one naris

How long should a healthcare worker scrub hands that are not visibly soiled for effective hand hygiene?

15 seconds

When performing a nasopharyngeal swab, how long will the swab remain in the nasopharynx before it is removed?

15-30 seconds

Based upon circadian rhythms, when would the nurse note the highest temperature during a 24-hour period?

1700

Which of the following practices is a correct application of infection control practices?

A nurse performs handwashing each time she removes a pair of gloves.

Which of the following patients is most likely to require neutropenic precautions?

A patient recovering from a bone marrow transplant

A woman tests positive for the human immunodeficiency virus antibody but has no symptoms. She is considered a carrier. What component of the infection cycle does the woman illustrate?

A reservoir

An acute medicine unit of a hospital currently has a number of clients who have tested positive for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Which of the following measures should the nursing staff prioritize in preventing the spread of MRSA to clients who are currently MRSA-negative?

Diligent handwashing practices

The nurse is setting up a sterile field to perform a catheterization when the patient touches the end of the sterile field. What would be the nurse's next appropriate action?

Discard the sterile field and the supplies and start over.

While setting up a sterile field, a small of amount of water splashes onto the sterile drape. Which action by the nurse would be most appropriate?

Discard the sterile field to start over.

A nurse is collecting contaminated items and depositing the bag in a second bag, held by another nurse, outside the client's room. Which of the following infection control measures are the nurses performing?

Double-bagging

The nurse is caring for a patient with a meningococcus infection. What type of precautions should be used for this patient?

Droplet

Which statement describes diastolic blood pressure?

During ventricular relaxation, blood pressure is due to elastic recoil of the vessels.

Which of the following nursing actions carries the greatest likelihood of contributing to the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?

Emptying the Foley catheter bag of a patient with VRE and then helping the patient in the next bed transfer to a chair

During visiting hours, you observe the sister of your critically ill client coughing violently in the hallway. After blowing her nose, she tells you she has "a touch of the flu." Which of the following nursing intervention is the best choice for you to follow?

Explain why the sister should not visit your client until she is over the flu.

The nurse caring for clients at an outpatient clinic determines which of the following clients is at greatest risk for infection?

An 80-year-old woman

Which of the following patients presents the most significant risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficileinfection?

An 81-year-old patient who has been receiving multiple antibiotics for the treatment of sepsis

For which of the following clients would the use of Standard Precautions alone be appropriate?

An incontinent client in a nursing home who has diarrhea

A nurse has seen several clients at a community health center. Which of the clients would be most at risk for developing an infection?

An older adult with several chronic illnesses

A nurse is preparing a sterile field and has removed the sterile drape from the outer wrapper. The nurse places the inner drape in the center of the work surface with the outer flap facing in which direction?

Facing away from the body

The mother of a client who is acutely ill and is responding well to the antibiotic treatment states "I know this antibiotic will heal my child." The mother requires further education based on which statement? Select all that apply.

Antibiotics do not heal. Antibiotics slow the growth or kill the microorganism. Antibiotics prevent further damage to the system affected.

A patient with an upper respiratory infection (common cold) tells the nurse, "I am so angry with the nurse practitioner because he would not give me any antibiotics." What would be the most accurate response by the nurse?

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses

Which of the following terms describes foreign particles that enter a host and stimulate the body's immune response?

Antigen

While assessing vital signs of a client with a head injury and increased intracranial pressure (IICP), a nurse notes that the client's respiratory rate is 8 breaths/minute. How will the nurse interpret this finding?

Bradypnea is a response to IICP.

A nurse has just given an injection to a client and is preparing to dispose of the needle and syringe. Which action would be least appropriate for the nurse to do?

Break the needle off at the hub after recapping it.

A nurse has completed morning care for a client. There is no visible soiling on her hands. What type of technique is recommended by the CDC for hand hygiene?

Clean hands with an alcohol-based handrub.

A male patient comes to the clinic and is diagnosed with gonorrhea. Which symptom most likely prompted him to seek medical attention?

Foul smelling discharge from penis

Which term indicates a potentially serious client condition?

Pyrexia (raised body temperature)

Which of the following infection control measures is mandated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA)?

Free hepatitis B vaccinations for employees who work in healthcare settings

A nurse is caring for a client with ringworm. Which of the following microorganisms causes ringworm in a client?

Fungi

Painless chancre lesions are associated with which systemic disease?

Syphilis

A nurse is caring for an adult with fever. The nurse determines that which site is most accurate for obtaining the client's core body temperature?

rectum

Personal protective equipment for use with standard precautions includes which of the following items?

• Eye protection • Fluid-repellent gown • Disposable gloves • Face mask

A lead nurse is removing her personal protective equipment after dressing the infected wounds of a client. Which of the following is the highest priority nursing action?

Handwashing before leaving the client's room.

A client in the ICU has a central venous catheter in place. The client has now become septic with no obvious cause or source of infection. Antibiotic therapy does not help resolve the sepsis. What would the nurse suspect that the client has most likely developed?

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)

Understanding the difference between viruses and bacterial infections, you understand the pharmacology necessary to treat viruses. Which of the following viruses are serious conditions that may be fatal in normally healthy people? Select all that apply.

Human immunodeficiency syndrome • Viral hepatitis

The nurse is admitting a patient with severe diarrhea. What is the most important element of assessment for this patient?

Hydration status

Which of the following statements best explains the rationale for bringing an extra pair of sterile gloves into an adult patient's room before preparing for a sterile procedure?

If the first pair is contaminated and needs to be replaced, the nurse does not need to leave the room for a new pair.

Which of the following is a recommended guideline for maintaining a sterile field?

If the patient touches the sterile field, you should discard the supplies and prepare a new sterile field.

The temperature is 102°F (39°C) during a heat wave. The nurse can expect admissions to the emergency room to present with:

Increased temperature.

A nurse is taking stock of the equipment in the room of an older adult client with pneumonia who has been on parenteral nutrition for a long time. Which of the following equipment can transmit infection to older adult clients?

Indwelling catheter

A patient trips while ambulating and breaks open the skin on his knee. The next day the knee is red, warm to the touch and painful at the site of the injury. The patient's CBC shows a high white blood cell count. What would the nurse suspect is wrong with the patient?

Infection of the knee.

A nurse is assessing an adult client's blood pressure. How should the nurse estimate the client's systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

Inflate the blood pressure cuff while palpating the client's brachial or radial artery.

A nursing student is manually taking the client's blood pressure. Which step will demonstrate the correct way of inflating the blood pressure cuff?

Inflate the cuff to 30 mm Hg above reading where brachial pulse disappeared.

A nurse changing the linens of a patient bed is exposed to urine and performs hand hygiene. Which of the following is a guideline for performing this skill properly following this patient encounter?

Keep hands lower than elbows to allow water to flow toward fingertips.

A client is placed on neutropenic precautions. What would be appropriate for the nurse to do? Select all that apply.

Keep the door closed. Provide gentle oral care. Remove any fresh flowers from the client's room.

Which term describes the time interval after the resolution of a primary infection when a microorganism lives within the host without producing symptoms?

Latent

The nurse is assessing the apical pulse of a client using auscultation. What action would the nurse perform after placing the diaphragm over the apex of the heart?

Listen for heart sounds.

Eneyda Corazon visited your clinic with sore throat, fever and malaise. The physician diagnosed a strep infection of the throat and ordered a gluteal injection of penicillin. Which of the following interventions should you perform after administering the injection?

Make Eneyda wait in the office at least 30 minutes before leaving

Flu and cold season offers excellent examples of physiologic reflexes to ward off illness. One problem is that an effective mechanical defense for one person can complete a link in the chain of infection for someone else. To which link is the above referring?

Means of transmission

The six elements necessary for infection include a causative organism, a reservoir of available organisms, a portal or mode of exit from the reservoir, a mode of transmission from reservoir to host, a susceptible host, in addition to which of the following?

Mode of entry to host

The nurse places a patient in isolation. Isolation techniques have the potential to break the chain of infection by interfering with what component of the chain of infection?

Mode of transmission

A nurse is preparing a class for a group of new parents about infections and infants. When reviewing the development of the infant's immune system, what would the nurse be least likely to include?

Newborns have little difficulty localizing infections.

A nurse needs to measure the blood pressure of a client with an electronic manometer. Which of the following advantages does an electronic manometer provide over an aneroid manometer or mercury manometer?

No stethoscope is required.

A client who has been hospitalized for several days following cardiac catheterization develops a bladder infection. What is the term for this type of infection?

Nosocomial

A female client is on isolation because she acquired a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection after hospitalization for hip replacement surgery. What name is given to this type of infection?

Nosocomial

A nurse is taking care of a client with tuberculosis who has developed resistance to the ordered antibiotic. Which type of client is most likely at increased risk for infection?

Older adult

As a nursing instructor, you are instructing your students on the infectious process. In your lecture, you explain why older adults more susceptible to serious infections. Which of the following is correct?

Older adults can have less efficient defense mechanisms than younger adults

A public health nurse promoting the annual influenza vaccination is focusing health promotion efforts on the populations most vulnerable to death from influenza. The nurse should focus on which of the following groups?

Older adults with compromised health status

A nurse develops conjunctivitis and must remain home from work. At which time would the nurse be safe in returning to work?

Once the discharge has stopped

Two nurses are collecting the contaminated items and soiled linen from the room of an elderly client with a urinary tract infection. The nurses are collecting the contaminated material as per the double-bagging method. Which of the following steps must be followed when using the double-bagging method?

One bag of a contaminated item is placed within another.

A nurse needs to measure the blood pressure of a client who has just undergone a bilateral mastectomy. How should the nurse measure the blood pressure?

Over the client's thigh

A nurse is providing care to a client who has developed an infection due to Candida. The infection is resistant to several medications. The client asks the nurse how he may have developed this infection. When responding to the client, the nurse would incorporate an understanding of which of the following as contributing to the organism's resistance?

Over-prescription of antibiotics

The nurse is caring for a client who has active tuberculosis (TB) and is in Airborne Precautions. The primary care provider orders a computed tomography (CT) examination of the chest. Which of the following actions by the nurse is appropriate?

Place a surgical mask on the client and transport to the CT department at the specified time.

A nurse has collected the blood, urine, and stool specimens of a client with meningococcal meningitis. Which of the following precautions should the nurse take when transporting the specimens?

Place the specimens into a plastic biohazard bag.

A client reports fatigue, malaise, and a low-grade fever. What phase of the infectious process does the nurse determine the client is experiencing?

Prodromal phase

The nurse assessing a client who had an elevated temperature 1 hour ago determines that the client is in the crisis phase of fever. What would lead the nurse to this conclusion?

Profuse diaphoresis

The nurse is preparing to assess a rectal temperature on an adult client. What is the appropriate nursing intervention?

Provide privacy for the client.

A nurse is assessing the pulse volume of a client with influenza. The nurse notes that the client has a thready pulse. Which of the following is a description of a thready pulse?

Pulse is felt with difficulty and disappears with slight pressure.

Which pulse site should the nurse recommend the client use for home monitoring?

Radial

The nurse administered an antipyretic drug to a client with high-grade fever of 101.4°F (38.6°C). Which intervention should the nurse perform next?

Reassess temperature after 1 hour and document results in the chart.

After changing the bed linens for a client, the nurse uses an alcohol-based handrub to perform hand antisepsis. What is the proper way to use an alcohol-based handrub?

Rub the product between the hands until they are dry

A client who has been taught to monitor her pulse calls the nurse because she is having difficulty feeling it strongly enough to count. She states that she takes her pulse before taking her cardiac medication. She sits down with her nondominant arm on a firm service, palm up. She uses her three fingers to feel just below the wrist on the side closest to the body. She does not press hard and she has a watch with a second hand to use to count it, but she has a very difficult time feeling it. What does the nurse recognize that she is doing wrong?

She should place her three fingers just below the wrist on the outside of the arm with the palm up.

The nurse is assessing a client with an elevated temperature. Which of the following would lead the nurse to determine that the client is in the fever phase?

Skin warm and flushed

What are characteristics of the stage of infection known as full stage of illness? Select all that apply.

Specific signs and symptoms are present. The organisms are growing and multiplying.

A client is admitted with Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) with frequent loose stool and fever. Which action should the nurse implement for this client? Select all that apply.

Start contact precaution protocol and place a sign by the door. Allocate a vital signs machine for the client's room.

A patient is to have an indwelling urinary catheter inserted. Which precaution is followed during this procedure?

Surgical asepsis technique

The nurse is obtaining vital signs for a client and assesses a heart rate of 124 beats per minute. What additional assessment information would be important to obtain that would explain the tachycardia? Select all that apply.

The client just finished ambulating with physical therapy The client has reports of pain of 8 on a scale of 0 to 10 The client has a temperature of 101.8°F (38.8°C)

The nurse teaches a client diagnosed with hypertension to self-measure blood pressure with an automated device. Which client behavior indicates the need for additional teaching?

The client sits in the chair with feet flat on the floor and arm below the level of the heart.

A client has a nursing diagnosis of Deficient Knowledge related to prescribed antibiotic therapy. Which outcome would the nurse identify as most appropriate?

The client will state how to safely take the prescribed antibiotic.

The nurse is caring for a client with a stage IV leg ulcer. The nurse is closely monitoring the client for sepsis. What would indicate that sepsis has occurred and that the physician should be notified immediately?

The client's heart rate is greater than 90 bpm.

A nurse will assess the oral temperature of a postoperative client. Prior to performing this assessment, which should the nurse identify?

The client's most recent temperature

A nurse is assessing a client's blood pressure manually. The nurse should identify the client's systolic blood pressure (SBP) when which event occurs?

The first faint, but clear, sound appears.

A nurse prefers to use an alcohol-based hand rub when providing care for patients. In which case is this practice contraindicated?

The nurse is caring for a client with a C. difficile infection

The nurses on a busy surgical ward use hand hygiene when caring for postsurgical patients. Which action represents the appropriate use of hand hygiene?

The nurse keeps fingernails less than ¼ inch long.

A nurse is caring for a patient who is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Which nursing intervention promotes infection control based on the QSEN competency of safety?

The nurse places the patient in a private room with monitored negative air pressure.

The nurse is teaching the parents of an infant with an irregular heartbeat how to check the pulse rate. The infant's pulse is very high and irregular. What will the nurse have to do in order to teach these parents how to monitor their infant's pulse rate?

The parents will have to be taught how to use a stethoscope so that they can listen to and count the infant's apical pulse.

After attending a conference at a hotel for several days, a patient is having symptoms suspected of being related to Legionnaires' disease. When making a bed assignment for this patient, how should the assignment be made?

The patient can be placed in a semiprivate room because the disease is not transmitted from person to person.

When a hospitalized patient is in contact precautions, which of the following responses is necessary?

The patient should be placed in a private room when possible.

A nurse is explaining to a nursing student why blood pressure is a frequently used assessment parameter in a wide variety of care settings. What can be inferred from an assessment of a client's blood pressure?

The resistance that the client's heart must overcome when pumping blood

A client who arrives at your clinic for a TB skin test wants to know when he'll find out the test results. You would tell him which of the following?

The results of his test will be read in 48 to 72 hours.

A community health nurse is giving a presentation at the elementary school P&C meeting. The nurse is going to speak about vaccines and how they work to prevent disease. A parent asks how a vaccine can protect from future exposures to diseases against which they are vaccinated. What would be the nurse's best response?

The vaccine causes an antibody response in the body.

During a health education session, a participant asks the nurse how a vaccine can protect from future exposures to diseases against which she is vaccinated. What would be the nurse's best response?

The vaccine causes an antibody response in the body.

Your nephew, four-year-old David Garcia, developed the chicken pox while his brother, Ian, did not, even after an additional incubation period. Understanding the characteristics of infectious agents, you surmise the reason why Ian did not fall ill is attributed to:

The virus resides in Ian's his body without causing disease

A nurse is assessing the blood pressure of a client using the Korotkoff sound technique. The nurse notes that the phase I sound disappears for 2 seconds. What should the nurse document on the progress record?

There is an auscultatory gap.

When assisting a physician during a surgery, a nurse is required to wear a cover gown. Which of the following characteristics is common to all cover gowns?

They have close-fitting wristbands to avoid contaminating the forearms.

A nurse who is taking the vital signs of a client with acute diarrhea is ordered to attend to another client. What is the highest priority nursing action the nurse must perform before leaving the client's room?

Thorough handwashing

A 62-year-old female client being treated for hypertension did not take her daily BP medication over the weekend because she was out of medication and the pharmacy was closed. Her average home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) reading has been 130/82. Today her BP has been 138/90, 135/85, and 142/86. She calls the on-call nurse for her health care provider. What is the most appropriate thing for this nurse to advise this client?

To take the recommended daily dose of medication and call the health care provider if the average of her HBPM readings increase/decrease by 10, or if she has any other concerns.

The nurse is preparing to perform handwashing. Arrange the following steps in the correct order.

Turn on the faucet and adjust force and temperature of the water. Wet the hand and wrist areas. Apply soap product. Wash the palms and back of the hands for at least 15 seconds. Pat hands dry with a paper towel. Turn the faucet off with a paper towel.

The following procedures have been ordered and implemented for a hospitalized client. Which procedure carries the greatest risk for a nosocomial infection?

Urinary catheterization

Family members are caring for a patient with HIV in the patient's home. What should the nurse encourage family members to do to reduce the risk of infection transmission?

Use caution when shaving the patient.

A nurse needs to send the blood and urine specimen of a client with acute diarrhea to the pathology laboratory. Which of the following precautions is of highest priority to be taken by the nurse when collecting and delivering the specimens to the laboratory?

Use sealed containers in a plastic biohazard bag

A group of students are reviewing the various methods of infection transmission. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as an example of vectorborne transmission?

Using a nonsterile central venous catheter

An older adult patient tells the nurse that she had chicken pox as a child and is eager to be vaccinated against shingles. What should the nurse teach the patient about this vaccine?

Vaccination can reduce her risk of shingles by approximately 50%.

A nurse is educating a rural community group on how to avoid contracting West Nile virus by using approved insect repellant and wearing proper coverings when outdoors. By what means is the pathogen involved in West Nile virus transmitted?

Vectors

Infection occurs when the host is exposed to pathogens. What type of pathogen uses the cell's metabolism, and replicates itself while destroying the cell or changing the cell's genetic makeup?

Virus

A nurse plans to measure the temperature of a client with mild diarrhea, but the client has just had hot soup. Which action should the nurse perform to obtain the accurate temperature of the client?

Wait for 30 minutes before measuring the oral temperature

The nursing students are in the first week of their training. Today they are in the skills lab learning about standard precautions. What measures should the students take when following standard precautions?

Wash hands immediately after removing gloves.

A student nurse completing a preceptorship is reviewing the use of standard precautions. Which of the following practices is most consistent with standard precautions?

Washing hands immediately after removing gloves

A nurse is assisting a client scheduled for appendicitis surgery with skin preparation. Which of the following steps are performed during skin preparation of a client?

Washing the surgery site with soap and warm water before the planned procedure

A nurse is caring for a child who was admitted to the pediatric unit with infectious diarrhea. The nurse should be alert to what assessment finding as an indicator of dehydration?

Weak pulse

A nurse is caring for a child who is hospitalized for diphtheria. Which one of the following guidelines would be appropriate when caring for this client?

Wear PPE when entering the room for all interactions that may involve contact with the client.

A patient is placed in isolation for suspected tuberculosis. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when entering the patient's room?

Wear an N-95 respirator.

The nurse is caring for a patient with secondary syphilis. What intervention should the nurse institute when caring for this patient?

Wear gloves if contact with lesions is possible.

A nurse is in charge of patient care for a patient who has MRSA. Which of the following is an accurate guideline for using Transmission-Based Precautions when caring for this patient?

Wear gloves whenever entering the patient's room.

When is hand hygiene with an alcohol-based rub appropriate, as opposed to using handwashing?

When hands are not visibly soiled

A nurse is informing a nursing student about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Which guideline is in compliance with the CDC guidelines for handwashing?

When hands are visibly soiled

A nurse is performing a sterile dressing change. If new sterile items or supplies are needed, how can they be added to the sterile field?

With sterile forceps or hands wearing sterile gloves

A nurse is caring for a client, age 4 months, following surgical repair of a tracheoesophageal fistula. When collecting the client's vital signs, the nurse notes her rectal temperature to be 103.1°F (39.5°C). The nurse knows what to be true of fever in young children?

Young children often have a vigorous immune response to infection and thus high fevers.

The nurse is preparing to administer a medication that the client takes to treat a cardiac dysrhythmia. Which site should the nurse use to assess pulse in this client?

apical

The client is self-monitoring blood pressure at home and reports that every reading is 150/90 mmHg. What is the priority nursing intervention?

ask the client to demonstrate self-blood pressure assessment

The nurse is assessing a client's blood pressure and is having difficulty hearing Korotkoff sounds. What is the most appropriate nursing action?

ask the client to make a fist after cuff inflation

the nurse is preparing to collect a urine specimen from a clients indwelling urinary catheter. What technique should the nurse plan to use?

attach a sterile syringe to the luer-lock sampling port on the catheter drainage tubing and withdraw urine

An ultrasonic Doppler is used for:

auscultating a pulse that is difficult to palpate.

after the venipuncture site has been selected and disinfected, what should the nurse do next?

avoid touching the clean site prior to needle puncture

The community nurse working at a community health fair is assessing a client's vital signs at rest. Which finding requires nursing intervention?

blood pressure 180/90 mmHg

After explaining to students about the progression of infection, an instructor determines that the education was successful when the students identify which period as the time during which a disease can be passed from one person to another?

communicable period

The nurse is preparing to assess a client's oral temperature. The nurse should plan to place the thermometer probe in which area of the client's mouth?

deep in the posterior sublingual pocket

The nurse is getting ready to change the client's wound dressing. Which step best supports infection control?

handwashing

A physician performs lumbar puncture and advises the nurse to send the obtained cerebrospinal fluid for Gram stains. The nurse understands that this type of testing is beneficial for which reason?

helps to determine prescribed antibiotic therapy

A client trips while ambulating and breaks open the skin on his knee. The next day the knee is red, warm to the touch, and painful at the site of the injury. The client's complete blood count (CBC) shows a high white blood cell count. What would the nurse suspect is wrong with the client?

infection of the knee

A nurse is preparing an education plan for a client being discharged home after successful treatment for a wound infection. What would the nurse be least likely to include in the education plan?

intravenous antibiotic administration

the nurse is preparing to obtain an adult clients capillary blood sample for glucose testing. Which action is appropriate?

obtain the blood sample from the edges of the fingers rather than the center of the fingertips

A nurse is caring for a client who has neutropenia resulting from chemotherapy. Which precaution would be least appropriate to include when caring for this client?

obtaining rectal temperatures

The nurse places a client experiencing labored breathing in an upright position. The nurse notes that the client is able to breathe more easily in this upright position and documents this condition on the chart as:

orthopnea

the nurse is educating a client prior to performing a nasal swab. The client asks where the nurse will place the swab. What is the best response by the nurse?

posteriorly along the floor of the nasal cavity

A parent of a 9-year-old child states to the nurse, "I have not noticed any fever yet but my child describes feeling achy and not well." Which phase of the fever does the nurse identify the child may be experiencing?

prodromal

A nurse is working with a young woman, age 15, in a community health clinic. It is early October, and the young woman is worried that she will become ill and miss school, stating "I am always getting sick this time of year." What health promotion activities are appropriate to include in the nurse's teaching today? Select all that apply.

proper handwashing techniques administration of influenza immunization information on sleep hygiene

A nursing student is assessing blood pressure in an adult client. Which action by the nursing student would require intervention from the nursing instructor?

pumping the blood pressure cuff up to 200 mmHg routinely

A nurse is assessing the blood pressure of a team of healthy athletes at the heath care facility. Which observation can be made by the nurse and athletes by measuring the blood pressure?

the ability of the arteries to stretch

The nurse is creating a care plan for a client. Risk for Infection is the identified problem. Which situation supports this problem?

the client with a urinary catheter inserted at the emergency department

the nurse encounters difficulty obtaining a large enough blood droplet for a capillary blood sample for glucose testing. Which action does the nurse take next?

use a different finger and a new lancet for the sample

A nurse at health care facility uses a mask to prevent spread of microorganism by droplet or airborne transmission. What care should the nurse take when using masks? Select all that apply.

• Avoid touching the mask once it is in place • Change the mask every 20 or 30 minutes • Touch only the strings of the mask during removal

A 70-year-old female client in your hospital unit has multidrug resistant sepsis. Several antibiotics have been ineffective in fighting her sepsis. How could that occur? Select all that apply.

• Biologic adaptation of microbes to interfere with antibiotics • Using antibiotics to treat viral infections • Precautionary use of antibiotics with no infection

Nurses use medical asepsis, or clean technique, in practice to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens. Which of the following are principles of this practice? Select all that apply.

• Clean the least soiled areas first and then move to the more soiled ones. • Use personal grooming habits, such as shampooing hair often, to prevent spreading microorganisms.

When caring for clients at the health care facility, the nurse knows that clients are susceptible to infections. Which of the following clients are at a greater risk for infection? Select all that apply.

• Client with gastric tube feeding • Client with an indwelling catheter • Client with an IV catheter

You are teaching a pathophysiology class to pre-nursing students. Today you are teaching about infection. What groups of people would you tell the students are at increased risk for infection? (Mark all that apply.)

• Clients with impaired skin • Older adults • Debilitated clients

Nurses wear personal protective equipment to protect themselves and patients from infectious materials. Which examples accurately represent the proper use of personal protective equipment in a health care agency? (Select all that apply.)

• During some care activities for an individual patient, nurses may need to change gloves more than once. • Nurses should remove PPE at the doorway or in an anteroom except for the respirator. • To remove a gown, nurses should unfasten ties, if at the neck and back, and allow the gown to fall away from shoulders.

A nurse is wearing latex gloves when caring for an elderly client at the healthcare facility. Which of the following are the characteristics of latex gloves? Select all that apply.

• Increase the risk of allergies • Used when fine motor skills are required • More flexible and durable

A nurse is caring for an elderly client at a long-term health care facility. Which of the following infections poses a risk to long-term care residents and elderly clients admitted to health care facilities? Select all that apply.

• Influenza • Skin infection • Pneumonia

When caring for a client with a suspected systemic infection, the nurse should evaluate for which of the following assessment findings?

• Lethargy • Increased respirations • Enlarged lymph nodes

A nurse is administering medication to an elderly client with candidiasis. Which of the following sites are most common for candidiasis? Select all that apply.

• Mouth • Vagina • Skin

Which of the following are basic principles of surgical asepsis? Select all that apply.

• Never turn your back on a sterile field. • Consider the outer one inch of a sterile field to be contaminated. • Only a sterile object can touch another sterile object. • Avoid talking, coughing, sneezing, or reaching over a sterile field.

Understanding the difference between viruses and bacterial infections, you understand the pharmacology necessary to treat viruses. Which of the following viruses are serious conditions that may be fatal in normally healthy people? Choose all correct options.

• Poliomyelitis • Viral hepatitis

A nurse has just experienced a needle stick injury while starting an IV on a client. Which of the following measures should this nurse take? Select all that apply.

• Report the incident immediately to a supervisor. • Document the needle stick injury in writing. • Seek counseling on the potential for infection.

During flu season, you are teaching clients at your clinic about the chain of infection. Which of the following are considered "links" in this chain? Select all that apply.

• Susceptible host • Portal of entry • Infectious agent

An operating room nurse is putting on sterile gloves to assist with patient surgery. Which actions are performed correctly in this procedure? (Select all that apply.)

• The nurse opens the outside wrapper by carefully peeling the top layer back. • The nurse carefully opens the inner package by folding open the top flap, then the bottom and sides. • The nurse lifts and holds the glove up and off the inner package with fingers down and carefully inserts hand palm up into glove.

A nurse working in a high-risk area of the healthcare facility is receiving an annual vaccination. Employees working in which of the following areas need to prove their immunization status? Select all that apply.

• Transplantation • Dialysis • Pediatrics

During a flu vaccination clinic, you are charged with teaching clients additional ways to reduce the spread of the flu. Which of the following interventions should you communicate? Select all that apply.

• Use diluted household bleach as a disinfectant at home. • Wash hands after visiting public places or touching doorknobs. • Cover nose and mouth while sneezing or coughing.