Ch. 31 PrepU quiz solutions

Hypothalamus

Which gland acts as a signal relaying bridge between multiple body systems and the pituitary gland?

Pituitary

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormone is secreted based on a cyclic rather than a diurnal manner?

Estrogen

Which hormone triggers the positive feedback mechanism that controls the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) levels?

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Which of the following are examples of amines? Select all that apply.

Much longer to reduce the concentration of the hormone by one half.

Which of the following best describes the half-life of a highly protein bound drug such as thyroxine (99% protein bound)? The half-life would be:

Lipolysis

Which of the following body functions is regulated by several hormones?

They bind to receptors.

Which of the following describes how water-soluble peptides such as parathyroid hormone, or glucagon, exert their effect on cells?

Aldosterone and testosterone

Which of the following hormones are derivatives of cholesterol?

Norepinephrine

Which of the following hormones will elicit a more rapid response than the others?

It does not require serum collection for an accurate reading.

Which of the following is an advantage of assessing hormone levels through collection of a 24-hour urine?

Somatostatin and thyroid-stimulating hormone Insulin and glucagon Calcium and parathyroid hormone Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback system? Select all that apply.

Estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback system?

The hypothalamus receives input from numerous sources throughout the body and directs the pituitary to then control many target glands and cells.

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland as it relates to endocrine function?

Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding how hormones are metabolized and excreted?

Prolactin is unbound. Insulin is unbound. Glucocorticoids are bound

Which of the following statements is correct about hormone transport? Select all that apply.

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan

Which of the following types of imaging is preferred to evaluate the bone density of a patient with hyperparathyroidism?

Lipid-soluble steroid hormones

Which type of hormone is released as soon as they are synthesized?

Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best?

Paracrine

While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best?

Paracrine

A nursing instructor is teaching a group of students about the action of hormones. The instructor determined that teaching was effective when the students' recognize the local action of hormones as:

Lack of parathyroid hormone

A patient develops hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Which of the following hormonal imbalances caused this complication?

"A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."

A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orienting a new staff member. Which teaching point should the nurse include in the orientation?

Stimulation test

A 21 year-old female is suspected of having inadequate function of her hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. Her care provider is planning to inject thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and then measure her levels of TSH. Which of the following diagnostic tests is being performed?

Estrogen will continue to pass freely through the cellular membranes.

A 38-year-old woman takes clomiphene, an infertility drug that works by competing with, and thereby blocking, cellular receptors for estrogen. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true of this client?

Sleep-wake cycles

A client asks the nurse what causes the secretion of growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) to fluctuate. The best response by the nurse would be:

A young female patient who has been trying to get pregnant.

A patient exhibiting problems with their thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of patients, which would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this patient?

Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A patient experiences an increase in cortisol as a result of Cushing's disease. Which of the following hormonal responses demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism?

Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A patient experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. Which of the following hormonal responses demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism?

Diarrhea Tachycardia Hyperthermia

A patient with hyperthyroidism took aspirin for a headache. Which of the following complications could develop? Select all that apply.

Drinks carbonated sodas daily

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed calcitonin (Miacalcin). Which of the following actions by the patient requires further instruction?

Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks

A patientreceives steroids for several months to treat an inflammatory condition. Which of the following actions by the primary healthcare provider indicates an understanding of the negative feedback mechanism when the patient no longer needs the medication?

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid

After having a very stressful day in pathophysiology class, the student knows that which hormone (secreted by the adrenal cortex) will help decrease the effects of stress?

Receptors in each cell will increase.

How will cell receptors change in the absence of a particular hormone?

rapidly degraded by enzymes in circulation and at the tissue.

During a near-miss accident while cycling, a client marvels at how fast he was able to react. He attributes this to his fight/flight response but then wonders why it lasts for only a short period. The client had a short burst of catecholamine activity because catecholamines are:

Adjustment according to the level of the substance a hormone regulates

Following a meal, a woman's blood glucose level has increased. In addition, her pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which of the following phenomena has occurred?

Graves' disease Type 1 diabetes mellitus Hypoparathyroidism Addison's disease

For which of the following endocrine disorders would autoimmune antibody testing be appropriate? Select all that apply.

Thyroid scan

Imaging has proven useful in both the diagnosis and follow-up of endocrine disorders. Two types of imaging studies are useful when dealing with endocrine disorders: Isotopic imaging and nonisotopic imaging. What is an example of isotopic imaging?

A GH suppression test

In an adult with acromegaly, a growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumor is suspected. What diagnostic test would be used for this client?

Milliseconds.

Neurotransmitters like catecholamines (ex. dopamine and epinephrine) have a reaction time of:

Mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography

Prior to running the marathon, an athlete is tested for the use of performance-enhancing agents. Which type of lab/diagnostic testing should the nurse review with this athlete?

Amines and amino acids

Select the category of hormones that include norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Cortisol

Select the hormone that requires protein as a transport carrier.

Provide a better measure of hormone levels during a designated period.

Select the most accurate statement regarding measurements of urinary hormone:

Hormones function as modulators of cellular and systematic responses.

Select the most appropriate statement that describes the function of hormones.

They are inactive in the bound state.

Since steroid hormones are bound to protein carriers for transport, this means:

Golgi complex

The anatomy instructor is presenting a lecture on hormone synthesis. The instructor determines that instruction was effective when students identify the site of prohormone to hormone conversion as the:

Epinephrine

The endocrine system is closely linked with the nervous system. What neurotransmitter can also act as a hormone?

Negative feedback loop

The hormone levels in the body need to be kept within an appropriate range. How is this accomplished for many of the hormones in the body?

The drug level will be elevated as lack of protein allows more free drug to circulate.

The nurse is caring for a client with decreased serum protein levels secondary to liver failure. When administering medications that are highly protein bound, the nurse anticipates the resulting drug level will respond in which of these ways?

The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate.

The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which of these does the nurse explain to the client is the role of the thyroid gland?

Follicle-stimulating hormone Antidiuretic hormone Dopamine

The vesicle-mediated pathway has a role in synthesis and release of which of the following hormones? Select all that apply.

Bile and urine

To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted?

Negative feedback

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control?

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

When caring for a client who is being screened for osteoporosis, the nurse plans to evaluate the results of which of theses diagnostic tests?

Erythropoietin

When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs?

200 amino acids.

When explaining about structural classifications to a group of students, the instructor discusses the peptides and proteins. They talk about small hormones and hormones as large and complex as growth hormone (GH) which has approximately how many amino acids involved?

Promote glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids.

While reviewing the concept of nuclear receptors with a group of pathophysiology students, the instructor uses the example of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione medication. Because of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the drug has which effect on the clients' diabetes? Select the best answer.

sperm production.

While reviewing the major actions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the faculty points out that in males, this hormone is responsible for the:

To stimulate contraction of the uterus

The nurse explains to a client in labor who has demonstrated ineffective contractions impeding progression of labor that the health care provider has added oxytocin infusion to the orders. Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of oxytocin?

Lack of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Insufficient androgens

A male patient has been diagnosed with a low sperm count. Which of the following endocrine imbalances could contribute to this condition? Select all that apply.

Insufficient estrogen production within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the relevant cells.

A 51 year-old woman has been experiencing signs and symptoms of perimenopause and has sought help from her family physician. A deficiency in estrogen levels has been determined to be a contributing factor. Which of the following phenomena could potentially underlie the woman's health problem?

A suppression test

A client comes to a scheduled appointment in the endocrine clinic. The primary care physician referred the client, suspecting acromegaly. Knowing the usual testing involved, the nurse should educate the client about which lab/diagnostic procedure?

Function of the thyroid gland Function of the gonads Growth and metabolism Glucocorticoid hormone levels

A client has developed a tumor of the anterior pituitary gland. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for alterations of: Select all that apply.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland. The client is at risk for problems with secretions of:

whether the client is producing excessive hormone levels.

A client is scheduled for a suppression test as part of the diagnostic testing for his suspected endocrine disorder. The results of this test will help the care team determine:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland

Which of the following organ systems is matched with the preferred type of imaging?

Androgens and estrogens

Hormones can be synthesized by both vesicle-mediated pathways and non-vesicle-mediated pathways. What hormones are synthesized by non-vesicle-mediated pathways?

25 minutes

How long is the half-life of the hormone aldosterone, which is only 15% protein bound?

Radioimmunoassay methods

Many hormones are measured for diagnostic reasons by using the plasma levels of the hormones. What is used today to measure plasma hormone levels?

Second messengers act as the intracellular signal that responds to the presence of a hormone.

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of a second messenger in the mechanisms of the endocrine system?

Hypophyseal portal system

The hypophysis is a unit formed by the pituitary and the hypothalamus. These two glands are connected by the blood flow in what system?

Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine

The kidney produces 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of vitamin D is responsible for which action in the body?

Testosterone Aldosterone

The non-vesicle-mediated pathway has a role in synthesis and release of which of the following hormones? Select all that apply.

To decrease airway inflammation

The nurse administers a glucocorticoid medication to a client with pneumonia. Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of the medication?

Autocrine and paracrine

When hormones act locally rather than being secreted into the bloodstream, their actions are termed what?

Decrease in secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Increased levels of thyroid hormone Stimulation of sensors in the anterior pituitary gland Stimulation of sensors in the hypothalamus

Which events are involved in the negative feedback mechanism that keeps the serum thyroid hormone level within appropriate range? Select all that apply.

Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a patient in heart failure. Which of the following values indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism?

Temperature Nutritional status Stress

A nurse has just completed an explanation of how hormones are normally regulated by feedback mechanisms to a client. The client asks if anything can alter the regulation. The best response by the nurse would be: Select all that apply.

The growth hormone level will not be suppressed following glucose load.

A middle-aged woman has acromegaly as a result of a pituitary adenoma that was found and removed when she was a teenager. The physician is suspecting that the tumor has returned and has ordered a diagnostic work-up. A glucose load is ordered. If the tumor has returned, the nurse would expect which of the following results?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

A client who is referred to the endocrinologist's office for an evaluation of his hormone levels asks what regulates the hormone levels. The best response would be that hormone levels in the body are primarily regulated by:

Up-regulation has increased the sensitivity of the body to particular hormone levels.

A client with a history of an endocrine disorder exhibits signs and symptoms of hormone deficiency. Which of the following processes would the client's care team most likely rule out first as a contributing factor?

With input from various sensors, hormone production and release are adjusted based on existing hormone levels.

A client with a new diagnosis of an endocrine disorder is unclear how the body can control the levels of different hormones over time. Which of the following statements most accurately underlies the dominant regulation process of hormone levels in the body?

have negative feedback regulation.

A client with hyperthyroidism is being treated with medication that blocks the activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Her care team has determined that she has been overproducing TSH. This client will have lost her ability to:

the fact that a lower pH of the body fluids (ketoacidosis) reduces insulin binding.

A homeless individual is brought to the emergency department (ED) after the police could not wake the person. The client's breath is fruity and others state that the client has been acting "different." Initial blood work identifies a blood glucose level of 642. The client is admitted to the ICU in ketoacidosis. The client is prescribed an insulin drip (IV infusion). The rationale for this is related to:

may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action.

A middle-aged female client has been diagnosed with thyroid condition. The nurse educates the client about the prescription and needed follow-up lab work, which will help regulate the dosage. The client asks, "Why do I not return to the clinic for weeks, since I am starting the medication tomorrow morning?" The nurse bases the answer on the knowledge that thyroid hormones:

"It's common for production of hormones to be far removed from the tissue where they ultimately exert their effect." "Sometimes hormones act locally on the area where they were produced, like in the case of paracrine and autocrine actions." "A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ, but often on several different locations or processes." "A bodily process can be the result of the combined effect of several different hormones from different sources."

A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orientating a new staff member. Which of the following teaching points is the nurse justified in including in the orientation? Select all that apply.

Increased GH secretion

An adult patient is scheduled for testing of a suspected growth hormone (GH)- secreting tumor. Which of the following results from the glucose suppression test would confirm the condition?

No increase in TSH

An adult patient with suspected hypothyroidism is scheduled for a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test to evaluate pituitary response. Which of the following test results would confirm secondary hypothyroidism?

Red blood cells.

An example of a single hormone that can exert effects in different tissues, erythropoietin, made in the kidney stimulates the bone marrow to produce:

Increased estradiol production causes increased gonadotropin (FSH) production.

An instructor is teaching the class about positive feedback mechanism. The best example would be:

Receptor binding

Select the process that allows hormones to exert influence upon some cells and not others.

Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the signal into a cellular response.

Select the statement that best explains the function of hormone receptors.

Action of releasing hormones from hypothalamus

The nurse is assessing a client with thyrotoxicosis and the nurse is explaining how the thyroid gland is stimulated to release thyroid hormones. The nurse should describe what process?

Suppression of the client's hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and has been taking oral steroids for several years. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for:

Reduction in ACTH

The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving exogenous corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. Recognizing that hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback, which of these laboratory test results does the nurse anticipate uncovering when reviewing the medical record?

Positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies

The nurse is caring for a client with a tentative diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Which of these test results does the nurse anticipate will be present in autoimmune thyroiditis?

Hypothalamus

The physician is assessing a client with a preliminary diagnosis of endocrine disorder. Further assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, body temperature, and neural input. The physician determines the need to further assess the:

Stimulation tests

The physician suspects a client may be experiencing hypofunction of an endocrine organ. Select the most appropriate test to determine organ function.