ch 4
51. An is an evaluation-either positive or negative-about people, events, or things.
attitude
31. When evaluating others, many people underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors. This tendency is known as . a. stereotyping b. the halo effect c. perceptual defense d. the fundamental attribution error
d
10. An external attribution says characteristics of a person led to the behavior. True False
False
11. The halo effect occurs when perceivers see their own personal traits in other people. True False
False
3. A person high on extroversion may come across as quiet, withdrawn, and socially unassertive True False
False
5. People with a high internal locus of control typically prefer to have structured, directed work situations True False
False
8. An attitude is primarily a negative belief about people, events, or things. True False
False
9. Theory Y reflects the assumption that people are basically lazy and not motivated to work and that they have a natural tendency to avoid responsibility. True False
False
A person's values cannot change throughout life as they are fairly well established by early adulthood True False
False
Organizational leadership is exclusively an individual phenomenon True False
False
12. Attributions are important because they help people decide how to handle a situation. True False
True
13. Cognitive approaches are preferences that are not necessarily rigid, but most people tend to have only a few preferred habits of thought. True False
True
14. According to Herrmann's whole brain concept, a person who relies heavily on quadrant-B thinking is well-organized, reliable, and neat. True False
True
15. Leaders can learn to work more effectively with different personality types by striving for understanding. True False
True
2. Leaders who are constantly trying to please everyone often make poor decisions because they cannot tolerate even a mild degree of conflict. True False
True
4. A less conscientious person tends to be easily distracted and impulsive. True False
True
People are constantly valuing things, people, or ideas as good or bad, pleasant or unpleasant, ethical or unethical, and so forth, whether they recognize it or not. True False
True
18. A leader who scores high on agreeableness: a. seems warm and approachable. b. tends to become anxious or tense. c. likes to be in control and have influence over others. d. comes across as quiet and withdrawn.
a
21. Which of the following statements is true of end values? a. They are beliefs about the kind of goals or outcomes that are worth trying to pursue. b. They are beliefs about the types of behavior that are appropriate for reaching goals. c. They include such things as being helpful to others, being honest, or exhibiting courage. d. They tend to fall into two categories of morality and competence.
a
40. According to Hemnann's whole brain concept, people who rely heavily on quadrant-B thinking: a. rely on less direct perceptions. b. like certainty. c. gain energy from being around others. d. absorb information through the five senses.
a
19. Conscientiousness refers to the degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and . a. compassionate b. achievement oriented c. emotionally stable d. adaptable
b
24. Which of the following is an assumption of Theory X? a. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest and the average human being does not inherently dislike work. b. The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above all. c. Under the conditions of modem industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized. d. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population.
b
28. Anna works as a sales executive. She has difficulty meeting her productivity targets but she has high readiness levels and her work exceeds quality standards. However, her manager considers her to be a poor performer due to her issue with productivity. In the given scenario, the manager's evaluation of Anna's performance is an example of the a. fundamental attribution error b. halo effect c. self-serving bias d. perceptual defense
b
30. Gilbert heads the accounts team ofHFC Inc. He received negative feedback from his clients about one of the projects that he managed. He held his subordinates responsible as he felt that they were inefficient and worked carelessly. The judgment made by Gilbert is an example of . a. a self-serving bias b. an internal attribution c. perceptual defense d. the halo effect
b
32. Becky heads the frnance team of Herald Inc. Whenever her team's work is commended, she takes all the credit. On the other hand, when her team gets negative feedback from clients, she blames it on inadequate support from the organization. Becky's behavior is an example of . a. the fundamental attribution error b. the self-serving bias c. perceptual defense d. projection
b
34. Which of the following is an example of stereotyping? a. Fiona assumes that a subordinate is a proficient employee as he or she has good people skills. b. Fiona assumes that an elderly employee will not be able to adapt to modern technology. c. Fiona believes that her subordinates can work on weekends as she generally works on weekends. d. Fiona judges that her subordinate performed poorly due to lack of concentration and incompetence.
b
36. The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with . a. creative thinking b. analytical thinking c. intuitive processes d. values-based thought processes
b
43. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment, people with a perceiving preference: a. like closure. b. enjoy ambiguity. c. like deadlines. d. enjoy having goals.
b
46. are things leaders are not aware of or don't recognize as problems, that limit their effectiveness and hinder their career success.
blind spots
22. Which of the following accounts for tremendous variation among people? a. Everyone cannot have both instrumental and end values. b. Everyone has similar important goals to reach in life. c. Individuals differ in how they order their values into priorities. d. Individuals have end values which fall into different categories of morality and competence.
c
26. Which of the following is an assumption of Theory Y? a. Most people prefer to be directed, wish to avoid responsibility, have relatively little ambition, and want security above all. b. An average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. c. A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed. d. Most people must be threatened with punishment to get them to put adequate effort toward the achievement of goals.
c
29. Helen, the operations head of an organization, received a complaint stating that one of the managers was regularly harassing his subordinates. Instead of taking action, she neglected the issue as she had high regard for the manager. She was sure that the allegations against the manager were not true. In the given scenario, the assumption made by Helen is an example of . a. projection b. the halo effect c. perceptual defense d. stereotyping
c
33. Norman heads the animation team of Progress Inc. When one of his subordinates failed to execute a task properly, he said that his subordinate was not provided with enough resources to take care of the quality assurance after production. This judgment made by Norman is an instance of . a. the fundamental attribution error b. the self-serving bias c. an external attribution d. perceptual defense
c
35. Which of the following statements is true of the whole brain concept? a. It proves that the concept of left-brained versus right-brained thinking is entirely accurate physiologically. b. It does not consider a person's preference for right-brained versus left-brained thinking. c. It considers a person's preference for conceptual versus experiential thinking. d. It does not support the idea that everyone uses both left-brained and right-brained thinking.
c
37. The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with: a. analytical thinking. b. a linear approach to problem solving. c. intuitive thought processes. d. routine processes.
c
39. According to Hemnann's whole brain concept, people who rely heavily on quadrant-B thinking: a. are curious and enjoy experimentation and playfulness. b. are typically emotional and expressive, outgoing, and supportive of others. c. like to establish plans and procedures and get things done on time. d. focus on tasks and activities and like to deal with concrete facts.
c
41. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment, which of the following statements is true of the feeling types? a. They tend to be very objective in decision making. b. They tend to enjoy ambiguity and dislike deadlines. c. They tend to rely more on their values. d. They tend to rely more on logic.
c
42. The dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment concerns an individual's attitudes toward ambiguity and how quickly a person makes a decision. a. sensing versus intuition b. thinking versus feeling c. judging versus perceiving d. introversion versus extroversion
c
45. Identify the appropriate step that should be taken by a leader to work more effectively with different personality types. a. Shun people who tend to be gloomy and pessimistic. b. Show frustration when dealing with difficult people. c. Keep people focused on high performance. d. Ignore the different facets of one's personality.
c
54. refers to how a person perceives, processes, interprets, and uses information.
cognitive style
16. Which of the following statements is true of self-awareness? a. Self-awareness means the ability to behave in a uniform manner in response to situational cues. b. Self-awareness involves the ability to emotionally evaluate one's own worth. c. Self-awareness means the set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a person. d. Self-awareness involves appreciating how one's patterns affect other people.
d
17. The dimension of extroversion includes the characteristic of a. security b. dependability c. agreeableness d. dominance
d
20. People with an internal locus of control: a. believe that luck is the key to success. b. feel that they have little control over events. c. place primary responsibility on outside forces. d. believe they are "masters of their own fate."
d
23. Victoria, an advertising manager, works effectively when dealing with routine and well-defmed tasks but she is not very good with tasks that require creativity. Hence, she assumes that her subordinates also have difficulty being creative. In the given scenario, Victoria's assumption is an example of . a. the halo effect b. a self-serving bias c. perceptual defense d. projection
d
25. Which of the following statements is true of leaders who subscribe to the assumptions of Theory Y? a. They believe that the average human being prefers to be directed and wishes to avoid responsibility. b. They do not believe that people will seek out greater responsibility and will exercise imagination and creativity. c. They believe that the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. d. They do not believe people have to be coerced and controlled in order to perform effectively.
d
27. Laurel, the manager of a software company, assumes that the male employees in his organization are more creative and innovative than the female employees in his organization. In the given scenario, Laurel's assumption is known as a. projection b. attribution c. perceptual defense d. stereotyping
d
38. According to Herrmann's whole brain concept, when leaders have a predominantly A-quadrant thinking style, they tend to: a. empathize easily and be friendly. b. be imaginative and entrepreneurial. c. avoid risks and strive for stability. d. be directive and authoritative.
d
44. Which of the following statements is true of working with different personality types? a. Leaders should show their frustration to keep different personality types focused. b. People take on behavior patterns based on their personalities. c. People do not like to be accepted and appreciated for who they are. d. Personality differences can make the life of a leader interesting.
d
48. refers to the degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, talkative, and comfortable meeting and talking to new people.
extroversion
49. A person's defines whether he or she places the primary responsibility within the self or on outside forces.
locus of control
52. means the process people use to make sense out of their surroundings by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
perception
47. is the set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
personality
55. is the tendency of perceivers to see their own personal traits in other people; that is, they project their own needs, feelings, values, and attitudes into their judgment of others.
projection
53. is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual.
sterotyping
50. are fundamental beliefs that an individual considers to be important, that are relatively stable over time, and that have an impact on attitudes, perception, and behavior.
values