Ch. 4- Intro Child Abuse/Neglect
Child Protective Services (CPS)
~ *Agencies* that are *authorized* by law to act on behalf of a child when parents are unable or unwilling to do so.
Incest
(!) During the Code of Hammurabi times, from 18th century B.C. *ONLY* _________ was *forbidden* (prohibited).
*Emotional* abuse to a child
(!) For a *Child*, this abuse includes: - [excessive, aggressive, or unreasonable] parental behavior that demands the child to perform *beyond their capabilities*. (sometimes what parent *fails to do*)
It was ACCEPTABLE to *leave* "unfit" infants on a *street corner* exposed to elements *to die*
(!) In Ancient GREECE, Physicians instructed Midwives to examine children and *DISPOSE* of the *unfit* ones. - If an infant seemed sick or disabled...
Family members
(!) Violence against children is primarily committed by...
(X) Permissiveness is *NOT* a subcategory of neglect
"Which is *NOT* one of the *6 Sub*categories of Neglect? " (abandonment, medical neg, substance abuse, permissiveness)
Substantiated
(!) An investigation of a referral takes place if it is *screened in*. If child is found to be *victim of abuse*/ neglect, the case is...
Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA)
(!) CAPTA Provides *federal funding to STATES* to support child abuse prevention, assessment, investigation, prosecution, and treatment. They provide grants to agencies for projects.
Child fatality
(!) Death of a child from *unnatural causes*. Result of injury from *abuse*/neglect. *~ 1,670* children die every year in U.S. from abuse/neglect from *one or both parents.
Local and State law enforcement
(!) Most crimes against children are *investigated by...
SIMILAR victim percent for both genders
(!) Percentages of *child victim* rates are believed to be ________ (+/-/=) for *boys & girls*.
Race and ethnicity
(!) Percentages of child victimization *VARY* by ________ and ________.
*Code of Hammurabi*
(!) Stated that the *Father* had *full control of children*, until they married. - This even included *right to sell* the children.
Female children
(!) This gender of Infants are at a particularly *HIGH RISK* for *Infanticide*.
Family problem
(!) Until late 1970's- early 80's, the [Criminal Justice] system *RARELY intervened* in crimes against *children*. - child abuse was viewed as a...
Domestic violence
(+) *Child abuse* is a form of _________ violence when it involves violence against someone in a legally recognized domestic relationship. i.e. *child - parent* relationship.
Child abuse perpetrators
(+) *More than half* of child abuse offenders are *women*. & *45% Men*. (1% unknown)
Emotional or psychological abuse
(+) *Witnessing* family violence is also a form of _____ or ______ abuse.
Abuse
(+) Court may order an *investigation* if allegations of ______ surface *during custody* hearings.
"Promoting the general welfare of society"
(+) During ancient times, {*physical deformity, questionable health, & illegitimacy*} were considered "practical reasons" for a Father to *murder their infant*. - This was viewed as...
TODAY, child abuse is *no longer* considered a "family problem"
(+) NOW, *every State* has legislation to prohibit child abuse. *Law enforcement* officers are NOW *active participants* in protecting children from abuse.
"Devaluation of children and lack of societal protections under the guise of parental rights"
(+) The fact that, before 1980s, Child abuse was considered a *"family problem"* and not important enough for police to intervene (matron). revealed a more *significant social problem*:
Alcohol abuse & Poverty
(+) The incidence of violence is linked to _______ and ________.
Child abuse and neglect
(+) Under *CAPTA* (child abuse prev & tx act), this is any recent act or failure of action on part of a parent/ caretaker that *results in death*, serious *harm*, sexual *abuse, or *exploitation*. - presenting imminent risks.
Family violence
(?) This was seen as a problem confined to the *Lower class*. the social service response was *judgemental and prejudicial*, with poverty determined as common element of its clients.
Emotional or psychological abuse
(★) "___________ or ___________ abuse is typically defined as *injury* to the psychological *capacity* or emotional *stability* of the child, as evidenced by an {observable or substantial change} in behavior."
Henry Bergh and Emily Thompson
(★) *1st documented child abuse* case occurred in 1871 when a N.Y. court was petitioned to protect 8 year-old *Emily Thompson* by *Henry Bergh* (founded society of prevention of cruelty to animals). - nonbiological caretaker was found guilty of abuse. (mary ann larkin)
Emotional/ Psychological. Neglect. Physical. & Sexual abuse.
(★) *4* primary categories of *Child Maltreatment* include:
(1) Abandonment. (2) Educational. (3) Emotional / Psychological. (4) Medical. (5) Physical. & (6) Substance Abuse
(★) *6 Sub*categories of *NEGLECT recognized in many states include...
More than *6%* = emotional or psychological
(★) *More than ____%* of substantiated child abuse cases involve *emotional or psychological* abuse.
Power & Control (child sex abuse)
(★) *Sexual* abuse of children is an issue of _______ and _________ , NOT love and intimacy.
Domestic violence
(★) All states consider __________ a factor when *determining custody* of children during *separation or divorce* of parents.
Teachers, Police, Social services, Medical and Mental health professionals, Day care workers, Foster parents, etc.
(★) All states have laws that REQUIRE certain professionals to be [*MANDATED reporters*]. - they must *report to CPS* any cases of *suspected abuse* (within specified time). - these include...
*Before age 3* (75% deaths)
(★) Almost *75%* of DEATHS due to {abuse / neglect} occur *before...
Sexual abuse
(★) Approximately *8%* of *child abuse* victims are believed to have been subject to __________.
Act of *COMMISSION* (abuse)
(★) Child *ABUSE* is an [act of _____________ .] - *deliberate, intentional* words or overt actions that cause harm / threat to child, r regardless of the intended consequence.
Act of *OMISSION* (neglect)
(★) Child *NEGLECT* is an [act of __________ .] - the *failure* to provide child's basic physical, emotional, educational needs or to protect them from harm, regardless of intended consequence.
Under age *1*
(★) Children UNDER age _______ are at the *Highest risk* of death due to *abuse/ neglect*.
Battered child syndrome (henry kempe)
(★) Coined by *Henry Kempe*. This refers to the *repeated mistreatment* or beating of a child. which results in *physical / psychological injuries.
*18 to 44* (perps)
(★) Department of Health and Human Services determined that the *majority of PERPETRATORS* are between the *ages*...
Christian faith
(★) During the 4th century, the child's *right to live* was established *through...
*683,000* children (abuse victims; 2015)
(★) From *substantiated* cases of abuse, an estimated ____________ children were found to be *victims* in the *U.S.* in *2015*.
Endangerment standard
(★) Includes all children who meet {Harm standard}, but *adds others* also. - Counts children *not yet harmed* by abuse if CPS has *substantiated their maltreatment.
National Incidence Study of child abuse & neglect (*NIS*)
(★) NIS conducts research *every 10 years* (decade) as a *congressional mandate* of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to study and record incidence of *child abuse/ neglect in America.
National Incidence Study of child abuse & neglect (*NIS*)
(★) NIS Provides a major source of *information on child abuse*/ neglect in the U.S. - their studies provide *different information* than other studies because it uses *more definitions than CAPTA*.
National Incidence Study of child abuse & neglect (*NIS*)
(★) NIS uses definition of *HARM STANDARD* which requires that: an *act of OMISSION* results in *demonstrable harm* in order to be classified as [abuse / neglect].
(+) Public concern
(★) PREVIOUSLY, treatment of children was a *family concern* (matron). (★) TODAY, treatment of children is a...
Juvenile Court of *Cook County, Illinois*. (1899)
(★) The *FIRST juvenile court in America*. - opened in 1899
African American & Native American (Indian) (highest child abuse)
(★) The *highest* rates of *child abuse* victims are among what RACE?
Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA)
(★) The 1st major Federal legislation addressing *child abuse / neglect*. - This act created *National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (1984).
Safe haven laws (baby moses)
(★) These laws are also known as "*Baby Moses laws*" in some states.
*Birth to age 7*
(★) This has historically been the *age of infancy*. -the time *before children have vested right to life.
Child Saver movement
(★) This movement was the *most successful grassroots effort* in America. - it *mandated schooling*. & - appointed *State as source of parenting* for those unable/ unwilling to manage unruly children.
Endangerment standard
(★) This standard is {more lenient} because it allows *BROADER RANGE of perpetrators* than the Harm standard by including: - [adult caretakers other than parents]. & - [teenage] caretakers as perpetrators of *sexual abuse*.
Downward trend (↓younger since 70s)
(★) Unfortunately, the *average AGE* of *sexually* abused children has been on a _______ since 1970's.
Ex Parte Crouse 1838 (pennsylvania)
(★) [Pennsylvania] court case which gave the *STATE* the *right to remove & protect child*, despite parental wishes. - most states soon adopted this *Parens patriae* standard, allowing *unlimited authority* to State.
Infants
(★) ________ are *3 times* more likely to die from *maltreatment* than a 1 year old.
Child Abuse *&* Neglect
*Child Protective Services* (CPS) are REQUIRED by all states to investigate reports of... (2)
Neglect
*FAILURE* of a parent / person with responsibility for child, *to provide* - food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision to a degree that *threatens* the child's health, safety, and well-being.
Battered child syndrome (henry kempe)
*Henry Kempe* coined this phrase in 1962, which *brought awareness to treatment of children.
Women (+50%)
*More than half* of child abuse offenders are ________.
Physical abuse
*NON-accidental* physical injury to child or action resulting in *physical impairment or death* of child. - i.e. striking, stabbing, burning, biting, shaking, throwing, human trafficking, etc.
Family violence
*Policy response* to Family violence emerged in the late 1870's with the *"discovery"* of...
*Neglect* (75%)
(★) The *most common* form of abuse against *children* is...
Ex Parte Crouse 1838 (pennsylvania)
1838 [Pennsylvania] court *ignored* father's custody plea for daughter. the mother had placed the child in house of refuge because child was "unmanageable." - This *Parens Patriae* (father of ppl) standard: granted *unlimited power to STATES* to intervene & protect child, *despite parents wishes.
Under age of *18* (child)
A *CHILD* is defined as a person *under age of _____. - except for states that specify different age.
Stubborn Child Laws
Allowed Parents to *KILL a disobedient child* for ~noncompliant behaviors. (★) It's estimated that two-thirds *(2/3)* of children *died before age 4* in Colonial America.
Refuge movement
Although New York's house of refuge were supposed to protect children in need, they were actually *NOT therapeutic* and had *harsh discipline*. (★) Many children returned to society as *criminals*.
*Maintain strict control over children* who were resistant to parental punishment (provisions to parens patriae)
Chancery courts in Britain used *parens patriae* (father of people). The [*Provisions*] were *NOT protections. but rather attempts to...
Child labor during early modern period
Control of children was also exercised through {Apprenticeship} system. - Children were removed from home and placed with adults who "trained" them. - [Child labor] included working *long hours* with *physical punishment* often leading to *deformities*.
*Excessive, Aggressive*, and/or *Unreasonable* parental behavior
For a Child, *emotional* abuse can include: (3)
*Mandatory reporting* statutes. {i.e. civil laws}. provide definitions. *Criminal* statutes. define forms. & *Juvenile court* jurisdiction defines circumstances needed.
Definitions of child abuse and neglect are located primarily within... (3)
- WHERE crime occurred. - TYPE of crime. - Statutes specifying federal, state, & tribal jurisdiction
Determining *criminal jurisdiction*. involving investigation and prosecutions. is influenced by... (3)
*Father of the people*
During Early Modern period, *Chancery courts* in Britain were granted *control over general welfare & property rights* of CHILDREN. - allowing King to act in *best interests of child*, even if against parents wishes. (★) They utilized *Parens Patriae*, meaning:
*Physical deformity, Questionable health*, & *Illegitimacy*. (!) - all viewed as "promoting general welfare of society"
During ancient times, INFANTS had *No rights* and were *property* of Father. - Fathers could *Kill* infants for *"practical" reasons* including...
Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC's)
During late 1870s there was national movement to *protect children* that were abused/ neglected. - The *child savers* established...
*Infanticide*
During the 4th century, the commandment "*Thou shalt not kill*" was linked with the practice of...
Laying on child and suffocating them (=20 deaths in an English town 1920)
ENGLISH records cite many causes of *death for infants* as: - *Drowning. Starved* by their nurses. or killed by *Burning* or scalding. (★) A *common form of death for children was...
Abused & Neglected by *One or Both parents*. -Rarely is child abuse a single attack or act
Historians say that Children have *ALWAYS* been...
Henry Bergh
In 1874, *Henry Bergh* intervened in the most famous case of *Mary Ellen* who was placed in foster care. - *Intervention* on behalf of *child in need* of services was formally *established due to the efforts of...
Aristotle recommended: *Prohibiting crippled children* from being raised
In Ancient GREECE, it was *condoned* to *KILL a newborn* if it was [crippled or unhealthy]. *Aristotle* even recommended a law that...
Drowning (Female infants, China)
In CHINA, *Female* infants were *openly killed*, until the late 1800's. usually by...
Murder (middle ages)
In Middle ages, *Severe penalties* were given for [infanticide, terminating pregnancies, or using birth control]. - *Abortion* was considered similar to...
Beat children (middle ages)
In Middle ages, Child rearing was *Strict*. Parents were *encouraged* to frequently __________. - children were *forbidden to complain* about beatings & were *publicly beat* if they talked about it.
Sexual use
In Middle ages, it was acceptable to *loan children* to guests or hire them out for...
*Guardian ad litem* (GAL) or *attorney*
In many states, the *court* will appoint a ________ or ________ to *speak for the child*.
Abortion (India: killing=abortion)
In some parts of INDIA, *killing of Female* infants is considered *No different than...
Potential to the family (Roman Empire)
In the ROMAN Empire, an INFANT was *allowed to live* according to their ____________. (!) This was because childrens purpose was to *carry on bloodline* & *care for parents* as they aged.
*Infanticide*
Murder of child before 1st birthday.
Refuge movement
New York opened its *1st House of Refuge* in 1825. - Supposedly made to "protect children," they actually only provided shelter for homeless. (not good) - with *strict discipline*, prison-like organization, they were *NOT therapeutic* at all.
Sexual abuse
Refers to sexual acts, *sexually motivated* behaviors involving children, or sexual *exploitation* of children. - some states refer to it in general terms, while others are very specific.
Bearing children (women's role in Russian Orthodox church)
The *Russian Orthodox Church* defined [women's role] in society as...
In Ancient times, Physical abuse, neglect, & sexual abuse was *socially acceptable* behavior
Since beginning of time, [MEN] have *OWNED* their children, wives, animals, slaves, etc. property. - Children: could be sent into *slavery to relieve debt*. Or could even be outright *Sold*.
Abuse
Social service agencies were *confronted* with problems of *wife battering* when their child welfare clients cites ________ as a *significant issue*.
Parent *FAILS* to do (= emotional abuse)
Sometimes, *Emotional child abuse* is NOT what the parent does, but what the parent...
Special court procedures used for children
Special courtroom procedures are allowed in many states. Provisions are to be *sensitive to child's* needs in court process.
Infants and young children
These age children are *most frequent* victims of *neglect. - as children get older, rate of abuse declines.
Refuge movement
This movement started as a concern for *children* being *jailed with adults* in New York.
Safe haven laws (baby moses)
To prevent infanticide. This Legalized *leaving infants* in designated *safe place*. so the child becomes a *ward of the state*. (★) children could be left from age *72 hours to 3 months* old.
Judaism & Christianity (protected children's right to live)
Under ______ and _______ , CHILDREN's *Right to live* was *protected*. *Regardless of quality of life -or-the law.
72 hours to 3 months old
Under the *Safe Haven laws* (baby moses), children could be left at age...
Absence of the father (Hammurabi: father control → mother, only if no father)
Under the [Code of Hammurabi], the Father's right of full *control* over children* ONLY *transferred to Mother in the...
*Female Matron* would investigate child abuse, Not police (= family problem)
Until late 70's, CHILD Abuse was *Only investigated* in the [most severe] cases or when [Death] occurred from abuse. (★) Even then, a ___________ was assigned to investigate. - sending a *message to police* that Child abuse was a "*family problem*."
Civil and Criminal contexts
[FEDERAL] law provides *minimum definitional* standards of child abuse/ neglect. (★) Each [*STATE*] is responsible for establishing its *own definition* of maltreatment within both...
Female children
__________ (m/f) were considered a *financial strain* ($) on the *Father*. - which was another "justification" for *Infanticide.
