ch 4 p101

A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness

A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness

opiates

A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties.

psychedelic drugs

A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.

depressants

A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.

stimulants

A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.

parasomnias

A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.

dyssomnias

A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.

amphetamines

A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.

physical dependence

A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

insomnia

A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

drug tolerance

A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.

hypnosis

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.

psychoactive drug

A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.

melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

rem rebound

A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.

mescaline

A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.

marijuana

A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day

rem sleep behavior disorder

A sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep, resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story.

obstructive sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

sleep-related eating disorder

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively.

sleepsex

A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; also called sexsomnia.

sleep terrors

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors.

sleepwalking

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism.

hypocretins

A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness; also called orexins.

cocaine

A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree.

Caffeine

A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications.

nicotine

A stimulant drug found in tobacco products.

cataplexy

A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.

posthypnotic suggestion

A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.

lsd

A synthetic psychedelic drug

sleep paralysis

A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.

nightmare

A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.

beta brain waves

Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.

alpha brain waves

Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.

inhalants

Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness.

tranquilizers

Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety.

hidden observer

Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis.

manifest content

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.

latent content

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.

stimulus control therapy

Insomnia treatment involving specific guidelines to create a strict association between the bedroom and rapid sleep onset.

neurocognitive model of dreaming

Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control.

consciousness

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.

nrem sleep

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.

drug abuse

Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning, or in legal or psychological problems.

stimulant-induced psychosis

Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine-induced psychosis or cocaine-induced psychosis.

sleep spindles

Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.

k complex

Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.

mdma or ecstasy

Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.

attention

The capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations.

eeg

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph.

posthypnotic amnesia

The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.

dissociation

The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

hypermnesia

The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion.

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).

neodissociation theory of hypnosis

Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis

rem sleep

Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.

withdrawal symptoms

Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.

sleep thinking

Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; also called sleep mentation.

hypnagogic hallucinations

Vivid sensory phenomena that -occur during the onset of sleep.

drug rebound effect

Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action.

electroencephalograph

An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.

dream

An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events

meditation

Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness.