Ch. 4: Review
In the French and Indian War the first clash over the Ohio River Valley took place in ______________
1754
In the fall of 1768, violence against customs officials in Boston increased, leading Britain to dispatch c. ________________ (though the book says 1,000?) troops to the city to maintain order. Roughly 1 soldier for every 4 citizens.
4,000
At the Albany Conference there were _____ colonial representatives and _______ Iroquois representatives
7, 150
The purpose of the ______________________________ was to try to get the Iroquois to side with the British during the French and Indian War
Albany Conference
The ________________________________ was a scheme developed by a committee led by Benjamin Franklin which proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government.
Albany Plan of Union
American Military Strategy included these three things:
Attrition, Guerrilla Tactics, Alliances
_______________________________ was one of Washington's most trustworthy Generals, but who was greedy and was unsatisfied with his pay started giving secrets to the British for money.
Benedict Arnold
__________________________________ developed the Albany Plan of Union which suggested that the colonies unite and form a federal government
Benjamin Franklin
In 1770, to save face, the British kept the tax on tea, but repealed other Townshend duties. This would restore stability temporarily to the colonies not before the _____________________________
Boston Massacre
After the colonial militia learned of a British plan to seize the hills north of Boston and new reinforcements arrived. On June 16, 1775 colonists took __________________ hill and began building a fort.
Breed's
The British were outraged by the Gasbee Affair and King George III sent a special commission to investigate and take suspects to _________________ for trial. This makes the colonists angry because they expect a jury of their peers.
Britain
April 19, British troops reached the town of Lexington, five miles east of Concord, and confronted 70 volunteer soldiers. A shot rang out, which was fired by the ______________________. Eighteen minutemen killed, and ten were wounded.
British
In May 1773, England's new prime minister Lord North decided to help the __________________________________________, which was on the verge of bankruptcy due in part to many colonists smuggling cheaper tea from the Dutch. To help the company sell it's tea parliament passed the _________________________________, which allowed the company to sell it's tea directly to shopkeepers and bypass American merchants, making tea cheaper than smuggled tea. The tariff on tea still remained in place hence this act would undermine support for "no taxation without representation" cuz errybody like a good deal. The Tea Act enraged colonists who saw it as a first attempt by the British to squeeze their merchants out of business.
British East India Tea Company, Tea Act of 1773
In Spring 1774, Parliament passed 4 new laws that became known as the ___________________________. These laws were intended to punish MA and end colonial challenges to British authority. 1.) The first Act shut down Boston's port until the city paid for the tea they had destroyed. 2.) The second act required all council members, judges, and sheriffs in MA to be appointed by the ________________ instead of being elected. (also banned most town meetings) 3.) The third act allowed the governor to transfer trials of British soldiers and officials to England to protect them from American juries. 4.) The fourth and final act required officials to provide lodging for British soldiers at the scene of a ____________________, IN PRIVATE HOMES IF NECESSARY. To enforce the acts Britain sent roughly 2,000 more troops to New England and appointed General _______________________ as the new governor of MA. Which places MA under __________________, a rule imposed by military forces.
Coercive Acts, governor, disturbance, Thomas Gage, martial law
In 1773, Thomas Jefferson suggests that each colony create a _____________________________________________ to communicate with other colonies about British activities. These helped to unify the colonies and shape public opinion. They also helped colonial leaders to coordinate their plans for resisting the British, and to warn colonists about British threats to American Liberties.
Committee of Correspondence
In the Fall of 1774, MA organized a provincial congress which formed a _________________________________ with John Hancock as it's head, who had the power to call upon a militia
Committee of Safety
Since the Continental Congress lacked the power to tax they decided to issue paper money called ________________________ to pay for the war.
Continentals
The man who is believed to have been shot down first in the Boston massacre is named ___________________________ who was part Native American and part African.
Crispus Attucks
As the boycott on British goods spread through the colonies, Americans again stopped drinking British tea, or buying British cloth. A women group called the ________________________________________ begun spinning their own rough cloth called "_________________". Wearing this cloth became a sign of patriotism, and was encouraged by the Sons of Liberty. As a result colonial imports from Britain sharply declined in 1769 from what they had been in 1768.
Daughters of Liberty, homespun
In October 1773, the committees of correspondence agreed that tea from the East India co. must not be allowed into the colonies. That alerted the colonies that 1253 chests of tea were headed to Boston, New York, Charles Town, and Philadelphia. In _________________________ , when the tea ships arrived in Boston harbor, on the night before customs officials planned to bring the tea ashore, c. 150 men boarded the ships dressed as Native Americans while several thousand people were on shore cheering them on. They dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor. The raid is now known as the __________________________________.
December, 1773, Boston Tea Party
In Early July a committee of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, and Robert Livingston were appointed to draft a statement of Independence. The Declaration was mostly written by 33 year old Jefferson, with some help from Adams, and Franklin. The ________________________________________________ was formally adopted on __________________________ but not signed until August 2.
Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
The second part of the Declaration is the _____________________________________ which proclaims the Congress' belief that all people have certain rights (a reference to Locke) and that the government's role is to protect those rights
Declaration of Natural Rights
In October 1765, representatives from NINE colonies met to issue the ______________________________________________.
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
After taking down the Stamp Act, as to not show weakness or vulnerability to the colonists, Parliament issued the ____________________________ which enforced that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies.
Declaratory Act
_______________________ will be key to making a republic work, as "it is the keystone of our arch of government." - Thomas Jefferson
Education
On September 5, 1774 twelve colonies, (not GA) sent representatives to meet for the _______________________________________________. When the congress discovered that the British had suspended the MA assembly they responded with the ______________________________________________________ which expressed loyalty to the King, but asks him to restore colonial rights. The congress also had suffolk resolves adopted in which they urged the colonies to resist intolerable acts by making military preparations and boycotting English goods. Colonies formed a continental association for the purpose of enforcing a boycott of British goods. The congress agreed to meet again in May, 1775 if necessary.
First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights and Greivances
After the Battle of Bunker Hill, Gage resigned and was replaced by _________________________________. The Battle helped to build American confidence by showing that the colonial militia could stand up to one of the most feared armies in the world. After the battle ended Boston returned to a _____________________.
General William Howe, stalemate
King George III and Prime minister _________________ believed the colonies should bear the cost of maintaining the empire (or at least their share of the cost)
Grenville
In the Winter of 1775, the British, evacuated Boston, leaving it to the patriots. The British began to form a naval blockade and hired 30,000 German mercenaries known as ________________________, who were from the region of Hesse
Hessians
Even before the fighting began, the British were urging the colonies to prepare for war by working together and forming alliances with the ______________________
Iroquois
Whose pamphlet coined the term "No taxation without representation"
James Otis
The colonies were outraged by the sugar act. __________________ wrote a pamphlet arguing that because the colonists had no __________________________ in parliament, they could not be taxed for the purpose of raising money.
James Otis, representation
On __________________________, ___________________________ published a 47 page pamphlet ___________________________ which argued why independence just made sense through a series of analogies of why we don't need to be afraid, and was the first colonial document to directly attack the King and called him a tyrant. The pamphlet sold over 500,000 copies and had a tremendous impact on colonial thinking by shifting it towards independence. Paine donated all of his proceeds from the pamphlet to Washington's Continental Congress.
January 1776, Thomas Paine, Common Sense
John Hancock was arrest for smuggling after becoming wealthy through the selling of molasses from French colonies in the Caribbean. His lawyer was _____________________ who argued that the use of vice-admiralty courts denied colonists their rights as British citizens.
John Adams
___________________________ worried a democracy could endanger a republican government To protect against the "tyranny of the majority" our government needed a system of _____________________________, __________________ of powers, ______________ seperate houses of legislature
John Adams, checks and balances, separation, two
__________________________ defended the British soldiers in court and cleverly packed his jury with loyalists. His efforts payed off and only _____ (write it out) soldiers were committed of manslaughter, not murder, and the rest were acquitted.
John Adams, two
The Declaration of Rights and Grievances was drafted by a wealthy farmer from Pennsylvania named ________________________________. The declaration stated that Parliament had no right to tax without representation, and asserted their rights and asked the King and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.
John Dickinson
The Albany Conference was held in _____________________________
June, 1754
The Gasbee was a British customs ship stationed off the coast of Rhode Island who was sent to patrol North American waters. The citizens of Rhode island hated the captain of the Gasbee as he often would search ships without a warrant, and send his troops ashore to seize food without paying for it. Finally in ___________________________ the boat ran aground close to shore and some ______________ colonists seized and burned it. This event would come to be known as the ___________________________ .
June, 1772, 150, Gasbee Affair
During the winter of 1767 and 1768, John Dickinson published a series of essays entitled __________________________________________ in which he reasserted that only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to tax them. In addition he called on the colonies to form a one body politic to resist the Townshend Acts. He also stated that tariffs are a mode of taxation suited to tyrants and that those taxed without consent are slaves.
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
The "Shot heard 'round the world" was fired in ________________________________
Lexington
The third part of the Declaration is the ___________________________________ which lists the colonist's complaints against the British government and George III (the longest section of the Declaration)
List of Grievances
______________________: also known as tories, were those who still felt loyalty to the King and felt British law should be upheld. Their presence was strong in GA, the Carolinas, and NY
Loyalists
The soldiers sent to Boston to maintain order only further riled the colonists. The troops were constantly being heckled and harassed. On _________________________________ after sundown a crowd of colonists began taunting and throwing icy snowballs at a British soldier who was guarding a customs house. Captain Thomas Preston and his squad arrived to aid the soldier and in the midst of the tumult the troops begin the fire into the crowd leaving _________ civilians dead. This event would come to be known as the ___________________________________
March 5, 1770, 5, Boston Massacre
By ________________________ war had officially begun
May 1775
As a result of the Treaty of Paris the British received __________________ and all of ____________________ east of the Mississippi except for New Orleans. In addition Britain traded Cuba and the Philippines back to the Spanish for ___________________.
New France, Louisiana, Florida
After signing the treaty of Paris the French signed a separate treaty with Spain to compensate for her losses. This treaty gave Spain control of ______________________ and all of _________________________ west of the Mississippi.
New Orleans, Louisiana
After the Virginia Resolve, Britain orders Virginias governor to dissolve the House of Burgesses. In response the leaders of the house of Burgesses, including George Washington, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson immediately called the members to a convention where they passed a __________________________________________.
Non-importation Act
After the Stamp Act took effect, the colonies ignored it and began to "boycott " all British goods in what is known as the ___________________________________________. The movement cost thousands of British workers their jobs. With protests against the Stamp Act in both Britain and America, British lawmakers repealed the act in 1766.
Non-importation movement
The Stamp Act was set to take effect on ___________________________________________
November 1, 1765
In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress sent, what is known as the _________________________________, to the King proclaiming loyalty and asking the king to hold off hostilities until a compromise could be reached.
Olive Branch Petition
In response to the Coercive Acts the VA House of Burgesses urged other colonies to send delegates to a convention to discuss further action after a speech by _____________________________ who famously said "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!"
Patrick Henry
_______________________: also known as whigs, were those who felt that the British had become tyrannical and oppressive. Their presence was strong in New England and VA.
Patriots
April 1775, the British have General Gage try to arrest the MA provincial congress. Gage send 700 troops to seize MA supply depot at Concord. Patriot leaders hear about the plan and send ___________________________ and William Dawes to spread the alarm that the British were coming.
Paul Revere
_____________________________ made an engraving of the Boston Massacre that became one of the most effective piece of propaganda in history. In the innacurate engraving: -There were 8 soldiers (including Preston) when there were really _____ soldiers including Preston -The image suggests that the event occurred at _______________ when it really occurred at 10 p.m. -The image has no snow or ice, when really it was quite snowy and icy. -The engraving shows a small group of colonists who appear passive and vulnerable (they even have a dog) when in reality the colonists were a mob of c. ___________ people who were armed with rocks and sticks. -Preston is standing behind his men in Reveres version which would suggest that he told the troops to fire, when in reality there are many accounts saying that Preston was, in fact, in front of the troops. -The soldiers were also depicted in ____________________ as if they were a firing squad, when really they were scattered.
Paul Revere, 9, 300, formation
Angered by westward expansion of settlers, Ottawa chief Pontiac, formed a Native American alliance and attacked colonial settlements on the westward frontier. This is known as ________________________________ (include year)
Pontiacs Rebellion 1763
With no compromise likely in the visible future, the Continental Congress began to act as an independent government by establishing a __________________________, navy and marine corps, negotiating with __________________________, and raiding British merchant ships on the high seas.
Postal system, Native Americans
The four parts the Declaration in order of occurrence
Preamble, Declaration of Natural Rights, List of Grievances, Resolution of Independence
The __________________________________ was made to stabilize relations with the Native Americans, protect fur trade, and to avoid the heavy costs of war.
Proclamation Act of 1763
The _________________________________ was where the King of Britain was tired of wasting money and time for troops, so he drew a line from north to south along the Appalachians and forbade white settlement _______________ of the line
Proclamation Act of 1763, west
The ___________________________________ was introduced by parliament right after the Stamp Act. The act forced to colonies to pay more for their own defense, and provide barracks for British troops and that they could stay in taverns, inns, vacant buildings, barns, with the rent being payed by the colonists.
Quartering Act
After drafting the Olive Branch Petition to the King, at the same time the radicals in congress convinced the body to order an attack on British troops stationed in _______________________. They hoped that the attack would convince the French in that area to rebel with them. They did not. Though the French did not rebel against the British with them, the Americans still captured _______________________ under Benedict Arnold. Once the King received the Olive branch petition he was so disgusted by the colonists he refused to look at it and said; "The colonies are open avowed enemies."
Quebec, Montreal
______________________: a form of government where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote
Republic
The fourth and final part of the Declaration is the _______________________________________ which contains the colonist's declaration of independence from England.
Resolution of Independence
One of the Townshend Acts was the _____________________________________ which put new customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies. Violators of their act were tried in vice admiralty courts, were presumed guilty until proven innocent, and allowed officially to seize property under certain circumstances without due process. (This is not the Sugar Act btw)
Revenue Act of 1767
The ___________________________________________________ met two weeks after Concord, and adopted the militia on Boston naming it the ___________________________. They also adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms. Voted to appoint George Washington as general and commander in chief.
Second Continental Congress, Continental Army
The _______________________________ were a group created by Isaac Sears, who would gather in large outdoor meetings and demonstrations. The group would intimidate stamp distributers, most famously by hanging them in effigy.
Sons of Liberty
The ______________________________ was introduced by parliament, who were being pressed by Grenville in March of 1765. The act had stamps be placed on most printed materials including newspapers, wills, pamphlets, posters, mortgages, deeds, licenses, diplomas, dice, and playing cards. This tax was the FIRST DIRECT TAX IN THE COLONIES.
Stamp Act
The _______________________ was also known as the revenue act of 1764, and created by George Grenville. The act levied the tax rated on raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonies, and placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento, and indigo.
Sugar Act
The ______________________________ was created by Parliament as a way to slow inflation. The act banned the use of paper money in the colonies.
The Currency Act of 1764
"_____________________________________________" (1931) is a painting by Grant Wood, which shows a birds eye view of an almost childlike interpretation of Paul Revere's legendary ride. The painting was inspired by Henry Longfellow's poem as both were written at times of crisis in our country, trying to give us some sort of hope.
The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere
Common sense: who what when where why is it important why did it happen
Thomas Paine, A pamphlet detailing why breaking away from Britain just made sense, January 1776, The American colonies, It is important because it
Due to protests against taxes in Britain, which caused an even greater drop in revenue, Chancellor Charles Townshend introduced a new series of regulations and taxes in 1767 which became known as the _____________________________________.
Townshend Acts
The ____________________________ ended the French & Indian war in _______________. Except for a few small islands offshore, the treaty eliminated French power in America.
Treaty of Paris, 1763
"____________________________________________" is a painting by Emanuel Leutze The painting in addition to being quite over dramatized includes an African American man in one of the ships to represent that he was an __________________
Washington Crossing the Delaware, abolitionist
General Gage sent 2,200 troops to take Breed's hill. The Patriots were short on gunpowder and were warned by Colonel ________________________ "Don't fire 'till you see the whites of their eyes!"
William Prescott
________________________: a word meaning something incorrect for the time
anachronism
The colonial militias were ___________________________, while the British troops were spoiled to the point where the British officers would have servants and tea settings even when marching through the woods
casual & unprofessional
In February of 1768 Sam adams (with the help of James Otis) drafted a __________________________ for the MA assembly to pass and circulate to other colonies. In the letter the men pointed out that the taxes of the Townshend Acts would be paying the salaries of government officials, a power which the colonial assemblies then held. Without this power, the assemblies weaken, even though the colonies had elected them to control officials appointed by the King.
circular letter
In the colonies __________________ in their military abilities boosted, and were ________________________ with British troops during the war
confidence, unimpressed
Patriots, Loyalists, and those in the middle all represented a large __________________________ of society
cross section
Benjamin Frankline used a diagram of a ________________________ that said "join or die" to get colonists and the colonies as a whole to come together (based off of an Iroquois legend)
cut up snake
Despite existence of slavery and restricted rights for women, the war fostered a rise in _________________________, which is a belief in the equality of all people
egalitarianism
After winning the French & Indian War, Britain must now adopt more _______________ policies to manage their expanded (Native American) territories. This will require maintaining a large ____________ force which is expensive.
forceful, military
Taxes of the Townshend Acts would be used to pay the salaries of colonial government officials, mainly ________________________ which meant that they now had no obligation to keep the colonists happy.
governors
An ambush, and a "hit & run" are examples of ___________________________ used by Native Americans and later adopted by colonists
guerrilla tactics
The colonial method of fighting involved ___________________ while the British would _____________________________
guerrilla tactics, march in formation
The sugar act also specified that merchants accused of smuggling, were presumed ___________________ until proven innocent. It also allowed British officials to seize goods with out _________________________ or proper court procedures, and prevented lawsuits by merchants whose goods had been improperly seized.
guilty, due process
Many colonists ___________________ the Proclamation and thousands moved into the frontier
ignored
The French and Indian War ____________________ Britain's colonial empire making her the dominant power in North America, greatly enlarged England's ____________, and increased Britain's contempt for the colonies which created bitter feelings With all of her new lands in America, Britain decided that a major _____________________ of her colonies was necessary
increased, debts, reorganization
Vice-admiralty courts had no juries and did not follow British common law. 1.) The courts infringed upon the rights of Englishmen, which included colonists, right to a _______________________. 2.) By transporting the colonists to Nova Scotia it violated to colonist's right to a _______________________.
jury of their peers, speedy trial
Bostonians referred to the 1,000 British troops as "_______________________" due to their red coats.
lobster backs
The French _______________ the French and Indian War
lost
The currency act angered many artisans and farmers who liked paper money because it ______________ value very quickly, making it easier to pay back loans with.
lost
Britain had a ______________ opinion of colonial militia effort, they noted that some colonies didn't contribute ________________________ to the war effort, and decided that the colonies were __________________________ of defending the Western frontier
low, money or troops, incapable
The town of Concord began training a special unit of men who were expected to "stand at a minutes warning in case of alarm". These men were called _______________________
minutemen
One result of the Albany Conference was that the Iroquois remained __________________ in the war
neutral
Infuriated by the circular letter the British government ordered the MA assembly to take down the letter, when the assembly refused, the British government dissolved them. In response in August 1768, merchants of Boston and New York signed ____________________________________ once again, promising not to import ANY goods from Britain.
non-importation agreements
Colonies agreed British should appoint __________ commander of all British troops in the colonies
one
For the FIRST TIME, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement ________________________
patriots
The first part of the Declaration is the _______________________ which explains the reasons why the continental congress felt it necessary to draw up this document
preamble
The British finally took Breed's hill but suffered a costly 1000 casualties, which can be described as a __________________ victory, which is a victory not worth the cost or damage.
pyrrhic
During the trial of the soldiers from the Boston Massacre, the judge used the phrase "________________________"
reasonable doubt
Benjamin Franklin's whole Albany Plan of Union was ______________________ by colonists
rejected
Though the Albany Plan of Union was ________________ by the colonies, the plan showed that many colonial leaders had already begun to think about joining their colonies together for their _________________________.
rejected, common defense
When the British finally reached Concord, John Adams was gone, and the supplies of weapons which they intended to take were also gone. This forces the British to ______________. Along their escape back to Boston militias and farmers were firing at the soldiers from behind trees, stone walls, and Barns, killing 99 British soldiers, 174 left wounded, 46 militia killed, 49 wounded.
retreat,
Jefferson's original draft of the declaration contained a passage condemning the King's support of _______________________, but was urged to delete the section as to not alienate many southern states when they needed to be united.
slavery
American colonists were angered by the Proclamation because they wanted access to land, and it allowed more opportunity for British ___________________, which are investors of land, not colonists.
speculators
King George hoped to isolate MA by singling it out for punishment, but his actions only _______________________ colonial unity.
strengthened
Colonists had grown resistant to rising ________________ while the British thought that the colonies should have to pay for their own defense.
taxes
The French and Indian War _________________ the colonies against a common enemy (Britain) for the first time, created a socializing experience for all colonies who participated in the war, and created ________________ feelings for Britain that would only intensify over time.
united, bitter
After discovering that many colonies were smuggling goods into and out of the colonies without paying customs duties, Grenville convinced parliament to pass a law that allowed customs agents to send smugglers to a __________________________ which were run by naval officers, in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
vice-admiralty court
In May 1769, the VA House of Burgesses passes the __________________________ stating that only the house had the right to tax Virginians.
virginia resolves
The British believed in ______________________________ which meant that each member of parliament represented all Englishmen, thus they believed they had the right to pass legislation for all parts of the empire. "He that accepts protection, stipulates obedience" - Samuel Johnson The colonists believed in ______________________________. They saw no representatives in parliament as none of parliament was from the colonies. They also drew a distinction between taxation and legislation. They insisted that the colonies were bound to England by a ___________________________ with the crown, not a legislative union with parliament.
virtual representation, actual representation, personal union
The Revenue Act also legalized the use of ______________________________________ which were general search warrants that enabled customs officials to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling. These had been highly controversial ever since James Otis had called them "Instruments of Slavery" back in 1760.
writs of assistance
