Ch 4 Social Interaction, Social Structure, and Social Organization

c. human interactions

In your textbook, according to Erving Goffman, reality is not fixed or static but created through: a. mass media b. human ideas c. human interactions d. human mistakes e. events

B. it reduces personal interaction.

Increases in group size improve the stability in a group because A. it increases personal interaction. B. it reduces personal interaction. C. it makes people understand each other better. D. it reduces the amount of relationships.

A. TRUE

Ingroups and outgroups can foster loyalty as well as generate conflict. A. TRUE B. FALSE

a. numerous unofficial ways of doing things because of the lack of flexibility in completing tasks in a bureaucracy

Max Weber believed the more an organization approaches the ideal type of bureaucracy, the more effective it will be in pursuing the objectives for which it was established. However, he also recognized that bureaucracies can create some negatives such as: a. numerous unofficial ways of doing things because of the lack of flexibility in completing tasks in a bureaucracy b. inefficiency because of the strict adherence to rules and regulations that make it difficult to respond to new issues c. organizational tension between male authority figures and female subordinates d. increasing employee salary costs

B. FALSE

Members of primary groups have a goal orientation, while members of secondary groups display a personal orientation. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Secondary groups are likely to include many more people than primary groups. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A.TRUE

Social structure helps us to make sense out of everyday situations. A.TRUE B. FALSE

d. two or more people who identify and interact with each other.

Sociologists define a social group as: a. an organizational model rationally designed to perform complex tasks efficiently. b. one, two, or three people in the same place at the same time. c. a formal organization containing people who oppose the principles of government. d. two or more people who identify and interact with each other.

A. TRUE

Some examples of formal organizations are government agencies and business corporations. A. TRUE B. FALSE

role set

a number of roles attached to a single status

B. FALSE

When we find ourselves pulled in several directions as we try to fulfill the demands of many statuses, we are experiencing role strain. A. TRUE B. FALSE

b. a family gathering for the holidays

Which of these would you refer to as a primary group? a. a PTA meeting b. a family gathering for the holidays c. a group of co-workers who share an office d. a meeting of the graduating class of 1988

c. a meeting of the Rotary Club

Which of these would you refer to as a secondary group? a. a family reunion b. best friends meeting for dinner c. a meeting of the Rotary Club d. a luncheon of mothers and daughters

a. normative organization.

Women who join the League of Women Voters are joining a: a. normative organization. b. coercive organization. c. utilitarian organization. d. social organization.

b. coercive organization.

Your criminology class is touring a maximum security prison. You are visiting a: a. normative organization. b. coercive organization. c. utilitarian organization. d. social organization.

status set

all the statuses a person holds at a particular time

master status

component of social structure for individuals that is a social position that carries exceptional importance for identity and often shapes a person's entire life

role conflict

component of social structure for individuals that is incompatibility among roles corresponding to 2 or more statuses

role strain

component of social structure for individuals that is incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

social group

component of social structure for social groups that is 2 or more people who identify and interact with another and have shared interests, experiences, and loyalties (AUM, USA, business company)

reference group

component of social structure for social groups that is a group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

secondary group

component of social structure for social groups that is a large and impersonal group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

crowd

component of social structure for social groups that is a loosely formed, more than 2 people group (people in a mall)

primary group

component of social structure for social groups that is a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships

in-group

component of social structure for social groups that is a social group commanding a member's esteem and loyality

out-group

component of social structure for social groups that is a social group towards which one feels competition and opposition

category

component of social structure for social groups that is people with a status in common (students, professors, men, women)

group size

component of social structure for social groups that plays a crucial role in how group members interact

- status - role

components of social structure for individuals:

- social groups, crowds, and categories - primary and secondary groups - reference groups - in-groups and out-groups - group size

components of social structure for social groups

- individuals with different social statuses and roles - groups with different types

social structure consists of:

coercive formal organization

type of formal organization that forces member to join as a form of punishment or treatment (prisons, mental hospitals)

utilitarian formal organization

type of formal organization that offers people a source of income (business companies, schools)

normative formal organization

type of formal organization that pursues goals their members consider worthwhile and personally satisfying (political party, church, community service groups)

- by reasons (normative, coercive, utilitarian) - by characteristics (economic, political, religious group)

types of formal organizations

A. TRUE

A psychiatric hospital can be a coercive, a utilitarian, and a normative organization at the same time. A. TRUE B. FALSE

b. ingroup.

A social group commanding a member's esteem and loyalty is a(n): a. outgroup. b. ingroup. c. reference group. d. triad.

b. dyad.

A social group with two members is called a: a. pair. b. dyad. c. triad. d. couple.

b. achieved status.

A social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort is a(n): a. role. b. achieved status. c. master status. d. ascribed status.

d. role strain

A supervisor would like to be friendly with her employees, but at the same time she must monitor their behavior and make sure they reach their production goals. This situation creates: a. role conflict. b. role exit. c. role reality. d. role strain.

a. crowd.

A very loosely formed group is referred to as a: a. crowd. b. group. c. category. d. population.

c. modern organizations.

According to your textbook, Max Weber was the first to develop a systematic interpretation of a. primary groups b. secondary groups. c. modern organizations. d. conformity.

a. The groups are impersonal and members pursue a specific activity together.

All of these are characteristics of "primary groups" except one: a. The groups are impersonal and members pursue a specific activity together. b. The groups shape our attitudes, behaviors, and social identity. c. Members show concern for one another's welfare. d. Members know each other well and sometimes experience conflict.

a. They are designed to meet personal individual needs.

All of these are characteristics of formal organizations except one: a. They are designed to meet personal individual needs. b. They are large secondary groups. c. They are organized to achieve goals efficiently. d. They differ from families and neighborhoods.

c. Members provide comfort, security, and economic assistance for each other

All of these statements are true about secondary groups except one: a. The groups are often large and impersonal. b. Members have weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of each other. c. Members provide comfort, security, and economic assistance for each other d. Members pursue a specific interest or activity together.

B. FALSE

Any voluntary organization would also be called a utilitarian organization. A.TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

As groups grow larger, they become more stable. A. TRUE B. FALSE

b. status set

At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These are your: a. social positions. b. status set. c. individual social structure. d. occupational set.

d. A and C.

At the micro level, social structure consists of a. Individuals with different social statuses. b. Groups with different types. c. Individuals with different roles. d. A and C.

c. the hierarchy of offices.

Bureaucracies arrange personnel in a vertical ranking. This is referred to as: a. specialization. b. impersonality. c. the hierarchy of offices. d. technical competence.

A. TRUE

Each of us has a number of statuses during our lifetimes. A. TRUE B. FALSE

c. a coercive organization.

For the patients who are involuntarily committed, what type of formal organization are mental hospitals? a. a normative organization. b. a utilitarian organization. c. a coercive organization. d. a social organization.

c. rules and regulations

Ideal bureaucratic organization depends upon _____, which controls an organization's functioning to ensure predictability and control the larger environment. a. specialization b. impersonality c. rules and regulations d. technical competence

B. FALSE

In a dyad, one member can act as a mediator, but in a triad, this is not possible. A. TRUE B. FALSE

b. bureaucracy

In your textbook, Max Weber argued that __________ is necessary in modern societies. a. tradition b. bureaucracy c. surveillance d. emotion e. charismatic authority

c. have a goal orientation and be polite to each other.

Members of secondary groups are likely to: a. feel that they can "be themselves" without worry about the impression they are making. b. have a personal orientation toward each other. c. have a goal orientation and be polite to each other. d. view one another as unique and irreplaceable.

B. FALSE

Members of secondary groups share personal and enduring relationships. A.TRUE B. FALSE

d. role.

Patterns of expected behavior attached to a particular status are referred to as a(n): a. ascribed status. b. master status. c. achieved status. d. role.

d. role strain.

Performing the various roles attached to one status can create: a. role conflict. b. status set. c. role ambiguity. d. role strain.

d. length of contact among members.

Primary groups and secondary groups differ in all of these characteristics except one: a. members interact with each other. b. size of the group. c. emotional closeness of members. d. length of contact among members.

A. TRUE

Role conflict refers to the incompatibility among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses. A. TRUE B. FALSE

b. role conflict.

The incompatibility among roles corresponding to two or more statuses is called: a. role stress. b. role conflict. c. role ambiguity. d. role exit.

b. the kinds of relationships that exist within them.

The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with: a. size, because it is impossible to have intimacy in secondary groups. b. the kinds of relationships that exist within them. c. whether the people in the group trust each other. d. the level of competition for scarce resources within the group.

a. achieved status.

The status of being a nurse is a/an: a. achieved status. b. master status. c. role. d. ascribed status.

d. Ingroup-outgroup boundaries lead to unfairly negative views of outgroups.

What has research shown about ingroups and outgroups? a. Ingroup-outgroup distinctions actually promote racial harmony. b. Ingroup-outgroup distinctions inhibit ethnocentrism. c. Ingroup-outgroup distinctions have little social meaning because everyone is part of an ingroup. d. Ingroup-outgroup boundaries lead to unfairly negative views of outgroups.

bureaucracy

an organized model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

- specialization - hierarchy of offices - rules and regulations - technical competence - impersonality - formal written communications

characteristics of an ideal bureaucratic organization

role

component of social structure for individuals that is a behavior expect of someone who holds a particular status

status

component of social structure for individuals that is a recognized social position that an individual occupies

ascribed status

component of social structure for individuals that is a social position a person receives at birth or assume involuntarily later in life

achieved status

component of social structure for individuals that is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and choice

formal organizations

large secondary groups that are organized to achieve their goals efficiently

social structure

the network of the individual's statuses and roles that guides social interaction and makes everyday life more understandable and predictable

social interaction

the process by which people act and react in relation to others