Ch. 40

What limits the possible shapes of fast swimming animals?

the properties of water.

What type of body plan helps an animal living in a variable environment maintain a relatively stable internal environment?

A complex body plan.

What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?

Collagenous fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers

In flat animals such as tapeworms, most cells are in direct contact with its __________.

Environment

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

True

What goven's strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange.

Physical law

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response? a. After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels. b. A person who loses 3 pounds continues to diet to lose an additional 10 pounds. c. The onset of contractions during childbirth stimulates the release of a hormone that stimulates further contractions. d. The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more platelets to form a clot.

a. After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value? a. Integrator. b. Set point. c. Effector. d. Sensor.

a. Integrator.

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body? a. Shivering. b. Sweating. c. Panting. d. Dilating blood vessels.

a. Shivering

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium? a. Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment. b. Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment. c. Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments. d. Regulates the excretion of waste.

b. Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment? a. Animals isolated from their environments live longer than those exchanging matter with the environment. b. The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals. c. An animal is a closed system that is separate and distinct from its environment. d. The gastrovascular cavity provides the nutrient exchange surface in mammals. e. None of the choices is correct.

b. The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection? a. The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb. b. You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through. c. As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm rays on your skin. d. You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day. e. After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement.

b. You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

What is the function of connective tissue?

bind and support other tissues.

The body plan of an organism is programed by what?

by the genome

Which term describes a mechanism by which the internal conditions of an organism are kept at set values without regard to the external conditions? a. Thermoregulation. b. Negative feedback. c. Conformational homeostasis. d. Regulatory homeostasis.

d. Regulatory homeostasis.

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment? a. Integrator. b. Set point. c. Effector. d. Sensor.

d. Sensor.

Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____. a. ectotherms that are also homeotherms b. endotherms that are also ectotherms c. endotherms that are also homeotherms d. endotherms that are also poikilotherms e. ectotherms that are also poikilotherms

d. endotherms that are also poikilotherms

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____. a. only an effector and control center are necessary to complete the control system b. a stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large c. a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters d. the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback e. a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

e. a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. a. human, rabbit, snake b. human, cat, mouse, salamander c. gazelle, lion, elephant d. hummingbird, dog, mouse e. fish, dog, mouse

e. fish, dog, mouse

Homeostasis is the _____. a. exchange of materials with the surrounding environment b. idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way c. cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems d. correlation of structure and function e. maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

e. maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____.

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial connective nervous muscle

What specific environment adaptations enable sufficient exchange with the environment?

extensively branched or folded structure

What does convergent evolution often result in?

in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge.

What is the function of reticular fibers?

join connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

The four major categories of tissues are _____.

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

what is the function of collagenous fibers?

provide strength and flexibility

A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____.

reduce the loss of body heat to the environment

What is the function of muscle tissue?

responsible for nearly all types of body movement.

Anatomy

the biological form of an organism.

Physiology

the biological functions an organism preforms.

Interstitial Fluid

the fluid the fills the space between the cells, in vertebrates.

Epithelial tissue covers ____________ and ___________ and _____________.

the outside of the body lines the organs cavities within the body.

Metabolic rate is _____.

the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

What is the function of elastic fibers?

they stretch and snap back to their original form.

What is the function of interstitial fluid?

to allow for the movement of material into and out of cells.