Ch. 41: Animal nutrition test questions

Which of the following are considered essential nutrients: (1) certain carbohydrates, (2) certain fatty acids, (3) certain amino acids, and/or (4) cholesterol? (eText Concept 41.1) 1, 2, 3, and 4 1, 2, and 3 2, 3, and 4 2 and 3 3

2 and 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference(s) between a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal? All of the listed responses are correct. Gastrovascular cavities are common in organisms with complex body plans, whereas alimentary canals are common in organisms with simple body plans. A gastrovascular cavity has only one opening, and an alimentary canal has two openings. An alimentary canal has only one opening, and a gastrovascular cavity has two openings. A gastrovascular cavity has specialized compartments, and an alimentary canal does not.

A gastrovascular cavity has only one opening, and an alimentary canal has two openings.

Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion is true? (eText Concept 41.3) Protein digestion begins in the small intestine. Active pepsin is formed in the lumen of the stomach, where it helps to break down proteins. Protein digestion is dependent on amylase from parietal cells of the stomach. Protein digestion in the stomach occurs at a pH of about 7.0. Protein digestion begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase.

Active pepsin is formed in the lumen of the stomach, where it helps to break down proteins.

Which of the following animals rely on symbiotic relationships with bacteria to obtain nutrients? (eText Concept 41.4) termites giant tubeworms rabbits sheep All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____. ANSWER: Lipase ... small intestine ... fats ... small intestine Trypsin ... pancreas ... fats ... small intestine Nucleases ... pancreas ... nucleic acids ... stomach Amylase ... salivary glands ... starch ... stomach Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine Bile, produced by the liver and stored by the gall bladder, emulsifies fats in the small intestine. The smaller fat droplets present a greater surface area for the action of lipases.

Which of the following statements about nutrition and digestion is true? (eText Concept 41.2) Feeding and digestion are synonyms. Chemical digestion typically precedes mechanical digestion in wolves. During absorption, small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed. Elimination rids the body of excessive nutrients. Small sugars are joined by enzymatic hydrolysis to form large carbohydrates.

During absorption, small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed.

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food? ANSWER: Ingestion. Excretion. Digestion. Secretion.

Excretion

True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract. ANSWER: True False

False One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestive processes with different requirements (for example, an acidic or basic environment) can be separated within the tract.

True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal. ANSWER: True False

False The alimentary canal is the tube through which food passes, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus. The liver is an accessory organ of digestion and not part of the actual canal through which food passes.

________ mainly eat plants and algae, and ________ mainly eat other animals. Herbivores; omnivores Omnivores; carnivores Herbivores; carnivores Carnivores; herbivores Carnivores; omnivores

Herbivores; carnivores

Which of the following statements is true? (eText Concept 41.2) The last stage of food processing is absorption. Ingestion breaks down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Absorption breaks bonds using enzymatic hydrolysis. Ingestion is the act of eating. Undigested materials pass out of the alimentary canal by absorption.

Ingestion is the act of eating.

__________ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, as parts of certain enzymes, for normal muscle and nerve function, and for water balance. (eText Concept 41.1) Starches Fats Minerals Nucleic acids Vitamins

Minerals

How is the stomach lining protected from the strongly acidic pH of its contents? (eText Concept 41.3) It releases a hormone called gastrin, which stops gastric juice secretion. Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach. Bile neutralizes the acid soon after it enters the stomach. Parietal cells secrete a protective buffer to neutralize hydrochloric acid. The acid is neutralized quickly when it combines with pepsinogen to make pepsin.

Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach.

Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that attacks proteins to break them down into smaller peptide molecules. Which of the following statements about this enzyme is true? (eText Concept 41.3) The activity of pepsin will speed up in the small intestine because the pH becomes less acidic. Pepsin will continue to work at the same rate as it moves through the intestines until all the protein is broken down. Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as basic secretions from the pancreas neutralize the pH. Salivary amylase activates pepsin, converting it to a functioning form in the stomach.

Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as basic secretions from the pancreas neutralize the pH.

Which of the following is/are an adaptation to an herbivorous diet? An expandable stomach None of the listed responses is correct. Sharp, pointed teeth Premolars and molars with broad, ridged surfaces Teeth with a variety of shapes

Premolars and molars with broad, ridged surfaces

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal? ANSWER: Esophagus. Stomach. Mouth. Salivary glands.

Salivary glands.

Which of the following human digestive system components is correctly matched with the nutrient that is chemically digested there? Small intestine; fats Stomach; glycogen Small intestine; starch Stomach; fats Oral cavity; proteins

Small intestine; fats

How would you expect the digestive system of a hawk to compare with that of a seed-eating sparrow? (eText Concept 41.4) The hawk would have a larger gastrovascular cavity. The sparrow's digestive system would be longer. The hawk would have a gizzard, but the sparrow would not. The hawk's digestive system would be longer. The sparrow would have a gizzard but the hawk would not.

The sparrow's digestive system would be longer.

What relation do indigestible plant fibers, prokaryotes, and vitamins have with the digestive system? (eText Concept 41.3) They are washed out of the body in the 7 liters of water that daily pass into the digestive system. In the presence of certain vitamins, prokaryotes are able to digest plant fibers. The bacteria cause rapid peristalsis, resulting in constipation, which retains plant fibers and vitamins in the lower intestine. They are the contents of the large intestine. They move through the terminal portion of the colon together and are voided as feces.

They are the contents of the large intestine.

B vitamins should be consumed daily, but A vitamins can be consumed more sporadically. Why is this true? (eText Concept 41.1) B vitamins are an essential nutrient, and vitamin A is not. Vitamin A can be stored in the body fat, but B vitamins are not stored by the body. The body needs much larger amounts of B vitamins than vitamin A. The body requires B vitamins, but vitamin A is just an "extra." Vitamin A is water-soluble, and B vitamins are fat-soluble.

Vitamin A can be stored in the body fat, but B vitamins are not stored by the body.

Vitamins are classified based on their solubility in water. Which of the following statements regarding the classification of the vitamins listed is correct? Niacin is water-soluble, and thiamine is fat-soluble. Vitamin C is water-soluble, and vitamin A is fat-soluble. None of the listed responses is correct. Vitamin A is water-soluble, and vitamin C is fat-soluble. Vitamin D is water-soluble, and riboflavin is fat-soluble. Vitamin K is water-soluble, and folic acid is fat-soluble.

Vitamin C is water-soluble, and vitamin A is fat-soluble.

Which of the following pairs of vitamins and their function(s) is correctly matched? Vitamin A; component of coenzymes Pantothenic acid; maintenance of epithelial tissues Vitamin K; antioxidant Riboflavin; blood clotting Vitamin D; absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous Vitamin C; component of coenzymes

Vitamin D; absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous

Which of the following pairs of vitamins and their deficiency symptoms is correctly matched? Riboflavin; defective blood clotting Vitamin E; nervous system degeneration Vitamin A; anemia Folic acid; skin lesions Vitamin C; rickets

Vitamin E; nervous system degeneration

Which of the following might make the most effective anti-ulcer medication? (eText Concept 41.3) a chemical that stimulates the parietal cells of the gastric pits a chemical that kills bacteria in the stomach a chemical that inhibits epithelial cells in the stomach that produce mucus a chemical that stimulates the secretion of bile a chemical that stimulates the chief cells of the gastric pits

a chemical that kills bacteria in the stomach

Which of the following processes, structures, or conditions are properly matched? (eText Concept 41.3) peristalsis ... heartburn mucous cells ... ulcers parietal cells ... diarrhea chief cells ... diarrhea acid chyme backflow ... heartburn

acid chyme backflow ... heartburn

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes add a water molecule to break bonds. Consume ATP. occur inside cells in most animals. Require a low pH resulting from HCl production.

add a water molecule to break bonds.

Leptin, an appetite regulator, is produced in __________ and at high levels can lead to __________. (eText Concept 41.5) adipose tissue ... suppressed appetite the brain ... periods of undernourishment the stomach ... the churning motion you feel when you are hungry the stomach ... the breakdown of glycogen stores adipose tissue ... the breakdown of adipose tissue

adipose tissue ... suppressed appetite

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____. glycerol only fatty acids only monosaccharides amino acids both glycerol and fatty acids

amino acids Proteins are composed of amino acids.

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch? bile disaccharidases lipase amylase nucleases

amylase The digestion of starches, such as amylose, begins with the amylase secreted by the salivary glands

When digested, fats are broken down into _____. glycerol only fatty acids only monosaccharides amino acids both glycerol and fatty acids

both glycerol and fatty acids Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

For which of the following molecules does chemical digestion begin in the mouth? Fats Carbohydrates Pepsin Fat-soluble vitamins Proteins

carbohydrates

Mutualistic microorganisms living in herbivore alimentary canals help herbivores digest ________. cellulose fats proteins vitamins minerals

cellulose

The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the chyme from the stomach triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____. ANSWER: cholecystokinin, or CCK histones insulin secretin thyroxine

cholecystokinin, or CCK

The lymphatic vessels in the villi absorb and transport __________. (eText Concept 41.3) chylomicrons fats monosaccharides amino acids peptides

chylomicrons

In general, B vitamins function in your body as __________. (eText Concept 41.1) a source of energy structural components of cell membranes a source of minerals coenzymes antioxidants

coenzymes

Acid chyme __________. (eText Concept 41.3) contains digested fat is a mush made from boluses and hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas and duodenum contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric sphincter causes gastric ulcers passes into the large intestine, where water is removed

contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric sphincter

The liver and pancreas add their secretions to the partially digested food produced in the stomach, in the __________ of the small intestine. (eText Concept 41.3) sphincter duodenum jejunum ileum colon

duodenum

Materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules and that must be obtained from the diet are called __________. nonessential nutrients essential nutrients amino acids fatty acids vitamins

essential nutrients

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of protein. sugar. starch. fat.

fat

Researchers provided radioactively labeled food to a dog and traced the movement of absorbed molecules. Which type of molecule moved along a path different from all the others? (eText Concept 41.3) carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids fats All followed the same pathway.

fats

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested. starches fats proteins fructoses nucleic acids

fructoses Fructose is a monosaccharide, and monosaccharides can be absorbed without having to be broken down into smaller units

Which of the following animals has a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening? (eText Concept 41.2) earthworm sponge hydra human bird

hydra

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity? ANSWER: hydrochloric acid carbonic acid sulfuric acid acetic acid sodium hydroxide

hydrochloric acid

Several days after a long holiday weekend including much overeating, you try to cut back on your calories. The first day that you reduce your calorie intake to below the levels that you need, your body will respond by using which of the following? (eText Concept 41.5) glycogen from the liver fat from all over the body fat from around skeletal muscles protein from muscles All of the listed responses are correct.

insulin

When blood glucose levels rise in an animal, _______ is secreted to trigger the uptake of glucose from the blood into body cells; but when glucose levels decline, _______ is secreted to promote the release of glucose into the blood. leptin; pepsin insulin; glucagon glucagon; insulin gastrin; PYY ghrelin; leptin

insulin; glucagon

Type 1 diabetes mellitus __________. (eText Concept 41.5) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas is a common disorder in overweight individuals older than 40 is treated by improving insulin receptor efficiency rather than by giving insulin is the most common form of the disease; more than 90% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes can be controlled for many years with exercise and a proper diet

is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas

Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of blood glucose levels? (eText Concept 41.5) low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, uptake of glucose by target cells high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, glycogen synthesis in liver None of the listed responses is correct.

is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? pancreas-enzyme production small intestine-nutrient absorption large intestine-bile production stomach-protein digestion

large intestine-bile production

Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine. ANSWER: liver ... gall bladder pancreas ... gall bladder liver ... pancreas gall bladder ... liver esophagus ... stomach

liver ... gall bladder

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in blood levels of the hormone __________. (eText Concept 41.5) secretin epinephrine glycogen glucagon insulin

low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells

An insufficient supply of chemical energy in the diet or a shortage of one or more essential nutrients results in __________. all of the listed responses are correct malnutrition hypernutrition protein deficiency undernutrition

malnutrition

An insufficient supply of chemical energy in the diet or a shortage of one or more essential nutrients results in which of the following? (eText Concept 41.1) undernutrition malnutrition protein deficiency hypernutrition All of the listed responses are correct.

malnutrition

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____ lactose glucose sucrose fructose maltose

maltose

Where does absorption take place in the small intestine? (eText Concept 41.3) circular folds blood capillaries lacteals villi microvilli

microvilli

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the __________ with the action of __________. (eText Concept 41.3) mouth ... salivary amylase stomach ... hydrochloric acid small intestine ... lipase small intestine ... pancreatic amylase stomach ... salivary amylase

mouth ... salivary amylase

f you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? muscle proteins fat in adipose tissue fat in the liver muscle and liver glycogen

muscle and liver glycogen

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach? mechanical digestion enzyme secretion HCl secretion nutrient absorption

nutrient absorption

Which food items are typical of an herbivorous diet? (eText Overview) eggs, insects, fruit nuts, leaves, berries insects, worms, beetles mice, snakes, birds decomposed dung, rotted vegetation, soil bacteria

nuts, leaves, berries

Overnourishment is a direct cause of __________. (eText Concept 41.5) diabetes cardiovascular disease breast cancer colon cancer obesity

obesity

Animals need two types of organic precursors from their food, __________, to serve as the raw materials for the synthesis of larger organic molecules. (eText Concept 41.1) organic carbon and organic nitrogen organic hydrogen and organic oxygen organic carbon and organic hydrogen organic carbon and organic oxygen organic nitrogen and organic oxygen

organic carbon and organic nitrogen

Which of the following is acquired outside of an animal's diet? (eText Concept 41.1) oxygen organic molecules chemical energy essential nutrients All the listed responses are needs that must be supplied through diet.

oxygen

The natural antacid that protects the intestines against stomach acid is produced by the __________. (eText Concept 41.3) stomach liver esophagus pancreas small intestine

pancreas

Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____. ANSWER: pancreas ... bicarbonate pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes small intestine ... disaccharidases stomach ... bicarbonate liver ... liver enzymes

pancreas ... bicarbonate pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes small intestine ... disaccharidases stomach ... bicarbonate liver ... liver enzymes

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____. ANSWER: pancreas ... bicarbonate pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes small intestine ... disaccharidases stomach ... bicarbonate liver ... liver enzymes

pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes

In vertebrates, food is moved along the length of the digestive system by __________. (eText Concept 41.3) active transport across cell membranes peristalsis diffusion and osmosis sequential contraction of bands of skeletal muscles sphincter contraction

peristalsis

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the stomach. pharynx. rectum. large intestine.

pharynx

Despite long days grazing on tall grasses, several of the cattle released into a new pasture have oddly shaped or broken legs and often lay down. These cattle might be suffering from __________. (eText Concept 41.1) carbohydrate deficiency undernutrition fat deficiency phosphorus deficiency vitamin A deficiency

phosphorus deficiency

Starch is a type of _____. disaccharide nucleotide polysaccharide fatty acid monosaccharide

polysaccharide Starch is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers (many monosaccharide units).

The two main functions of the large intestine are _________. reabsorb water and eliminate undigested materials digest and absorb carbohydrates digest and absorb fats absorb amino acids and absorb nucleic acids absorb fats and digest proteins

reabsorb water and eliminate undigested materials

The tongue does all of the following EXCEPT __________. (eText Concept 41.3) taste food manipulate food within the mouth shape food into a bolus secrete saliva push food into the pharynx to begin swallowing

secrete saliva

The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____. ANSWER: cholecystokinin, or CCK histones TSH secretin pepsin

secretin

Which of the following is an adaptation to a carnivorous diet? (eText Concept 41.4) sharp, pointed teeth reingestion of feces longer intestines enlarged cecum large populations of symbiotic bacteria and protists in special fermentation chambers in the alimentary canal

sharp, pointed teeth

In humans, most nutrient molecules are absorbed by the __________. (eText Concept 41.3) stomach liver small intestine large intestine pancreas

small intestine

Most digestive enzymes function in the __________. (eText Concept 41.3) large intestine oral cavity stomach liver small intestine

small intestine

Which of the following animals uses only intracellular digestion? (eText Concept 41.2) earthworm sponge hydra human flatworm

sponge

All of the following animals use extracellular digestion except _______. earthworms sponges mammals birds insects

sponges

Protein digestion begins in the _____. mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

stomach

A breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In this context, the word essential means __________. (eText Concept 41.1) that it contains the essence of vegetables used to extract the nutrients that they can be made in the body but it is important to eat food containing these nutrients so that we do not waste essential energy in making them that the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body that they are necessary for life nothing: this is just a gimmick

that the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body

During some types of antibiotic treatments, patients often experience diarrhea because __________. (eText Concept 41.3) antibiotics are toxic to the colon's epithelium and to bacteria the bacterial flora of the large intestine that normally break down undigested organic material are killed by the antibiotics antibiotics interfere with the vitamin absorption normally occurring within the large intestine after intestinal bacteria have been killed, an unusually large amount of water is reabsorbed antibiotics affect the hormones that control intestinal peristalsis

the bacterial flora of the large intestine that normally break down undigested organic material are killed by the antibiotics

Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because __________. (eText Concept 41.3) the gallbladder makes bile, which is necessary for fat emulsification without the bile produced by the gallbladder, fats cannot be enzymatically hydrolyzed the gallbladder stores the hormone cholecystokinin, necessary to digest fats the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, which is used to emulsify fats chylomicrons first enter the gallbladder before moving to the liver

the gallbladder makes bile, which is necessary for fat emulsification

The lungs consist of many small air sacs and blood vessels, which greatly increase surface area and improve the transfer of substances through their walls. The structures in the digestive system most similar in function to these air sacs and capillaries are the __________. (eText Concept 41.3) villi and microvilli esophagus gastric glands cecum sphincters

villi and microvilli

Symbiotic bacteria living in our large intestines provide us with __________. (eText Concept 41.3) carbohydrates vitamins minerals calories ATP

vitamins

The fat-soluble vitamins include __________. (eText Concept 41.1) vitamins A, D, E, and K vitamin A and the B group the B vitamins and vitamin C vitamins C, D, E, and K riboflavin and niacin

vitamins A, D, E, and K

What is the main component of gastric juice? ANSWER: inactive pepsin amylase hydrochloric acid water bile

water