Ch. 49 questions
Name the 3 major functions of the nephron.
It filters the blood and processes the urine by 1)controlling body fluid levels by selectively removing or retaining water, 2)helping to regulate the pH of the blood, and 3) removing toxic waster from the blood.
Define a neurogenic bladder and explain what may cause this disorder.
It means the loss of voluntary voiding control, resulting in urinary retention or incontinence. It is caused by a lesion of the nervous system that interferes with normal nerve conduction to the urinary bladder.
Explain the medical management of a urinary tract infection.
PCP prescribes antiinfective medications and often include a 3 day regimen of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septa) or Cipro. Longer therapies for 7-10 days of amoxicillin or ampicillin, and levofloxacin may also be prescribed. Patient should report symptoms relief in 2 days. Its important for the patient to complete the full therapy in order to prevent a recurrence.
Describe the signs and symptoms of urinary retention.
Patient may complain of frequency with or without symptoms of burning urgency nocturia, and occasional acute discomfort. Other signs can be urinary bladder distention. Patient may void frequently, void small amounts and have episodes of incontinence.
List the 4 groups of urinary antiseptics.
Quinolones, Nitrofurantoin, Methenamine, and Fluoroquinolones
Differentiate between a renal venogram and a renal scan.
Renal venogram provides information about the kidney's venous drainage. Radiopaque dye is injected into the femoral vein. Renal scan provides data related to functional parenchyma which is the essential parts of an organ that are concerned with its function.
Describe the 3 types of retrograde studies used to examine the urinary tract.
Rertograde cystography: radiopaque dye is injected through an indwelling catheter into the urinary bladder to evaluate its structure or to deterimine the cause of recurrent infections. Retrograde urethrography: A catheter is inserted and dye injected as in retrograde cystography to assess the status of the urethral structure. Urologist injects radiopaque dye directly into the ureters to visualize the upper urinary tract. Urine samples can be obtained directly from renal pelvis
Describe the nursing interventions recommended to prevent the development of renal failure.
Teaching patient by identifying preventable environmental or health factors contributing to the illness such as hypertension, nephrotoxic drugs. Teach about activity restrictions, dietary restrictions, and medication regimen. Provide nutritional information needed for the patient with essential amino acids and mineral in addition to replacement of electrolytes and provision of caloric needs.
What are diuretics and why are they used?
They enhance urinary output by increasing the filtration of sodium, chloride, and water at various sites in the kidney. They are used in the management of a variety of disorders such as heart failure and hypertension.
What tests are used in the diagnosis of urolithiasis?
tests include KUB and IVP or IVU radiography, ultrasound, cystography, and urinalysis. 24hr urine examination may be done to detect abnormal excretion of calcium oxalate, phosphorus or uric acid.
