CH 5 and 6 Test for Dong
10. Which factor is least likely to affect current birth and fertility rates? a. number of people 60 or older b. cost of raising and educating children c. religious beliefs d. educational and employment opportunities for women e. average age at marriage
a
15. What is the most common interaction between species? a. competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism
a
3. To some analysts, the key problem with people collectively degrading the earth's life-support system is the large number of people in less-developed countries, while other analysts state that the key factor is ____. a. overconsumption in affluent countries b. rapid technology growth c. improved sanitation and medical advances d. lack of education for women e. Earth's changing carrying capacity
a
30. Which country is currently facing a declining population? a. Germany b. United States c. Australia d. Nigeria e. Saudi Arabia
a
31. Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ____. a. are in a state of continual disturbance and change b. are in a stable state of equilibrium c. are in natural balance with their environment d. have followed an expected path to their stable state as a climax community e. have inevitably progressed through succession and no longer face competition ANSWER:
a
35. What is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations? a. population density b. population control c. the range of tolerance d. the age structure e. the optimum population level ANSWER:
a
39. A country with a TFR that falls below 1.5 children per couple for a prolonged period will experience a(n) ____. a. sharp rise in proportion of older people b. decreased demand on medical care c. decreased demand on social security funds or its equivalent d. abundance of workers e. decreased number of working taxpayers
a
40. Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of ____. a. logistic growth b. environmental resistance c. exponential growth d. carrying capacity e. biotic potential ANSWER:
a
42. According to the demographic transition model, what trend is true of countries in stage 2 (transitional) of demographic transition? a. death rates drop, followed by a decrease in birth rates b. birth rates drop, followed by a decrease in death rates c. birth and death rates rise at the same time d. birth and death rates fall at the same time e. total population begins to fall
a
44. Poor women who cannot read often have an average of ____ to ____ children, compared with two or fewer children in societies where most women can read. a. one; two b. three; four c. five; seven d. six; eight e. seven; nine
a
48. The world's first national ____ program began in India in 1952. a. family planning b. economic transition c. literacy d. sterilization e. urbanization
a
Parasites ____. a. rarely kill their hosts b. are usually larger than their hosts c. must be internal to their hosts d. may strengthen their hosts over a long period of time e. are usually microscopic
a
What occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources? a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism
a
Which of the following exhibits primary succession? a. a rock exposed by a retreating glacier b. an abandoned farm c. a clear-cut forest d. newly flooded land e. a recently burned forest
a
1. What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s? a. They scared the tourists. b. They had thick, luxurious fur. c. They were ruining the kelp beds. d. They were eating all the shellfish. e. They raided valuable bird nests.
b
11. Which factor is more likely to increase the likelihood of a couple having a child? a. need for child to be part of the labor force b. religious beliefs c. cost of child's education d. lack of a pension system e. employment opportunities for women
b
14. Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children per 1,000 births who die ____. a. by their fifth birthday b. before their first birthday c. before six months d. in their first month e. at birth
b
19. A 2015 study by the Pew Research Center found that between 2009 and 2014, more legal and illegal immigrants in the United States ____ than migrated to the United States. a. filed for green cards b. returned to Mexico c. found suitable employment d. migrated to Canada e. became citizens
b
2. The primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is ecologically important is because they ____. a. are educational b. are a keystone species c. encourage tourism d. eliminate common pests e. are an indicator species
b
20. Population change is calculated using which formula? a. (deaths + emigration) − (births + immigration) b. (births + immigration) − (deaths + emigration) c. (deaths + immigration) − (births + emigration) d. (births + emigration) − (deaths + immigration) e. (births + deaths) − (immigration + emigration)
b
28. Demographers estimate the human population in 2050 to be between 7.8 and 10.8 billion—a range of three billion. Why is the estimated range so wide? a. More-developed countries routinely inflate their estimates. b. Projections are made by a variety of organizations. c. Fertility rates are calculated with a standard formula by country. d. Ranges include maximum and minimum estimated casualties of war. e. Statistics regarding drought and famine are constantly shifting.
b
3. When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called? a. competition b. coevolution c. parasitism d. commensalism e. mutualism
b
32. The capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ____. a. equilibrium b. stability c. balance of nature d. facilitation e. inhibition
b
33. What has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate? a. decline in population of orcas b. parasites that breed in cats c. parasites from dolphins d. high reproductive rates e. extinction of algal species ANSWER:
b
34. Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions. What is this ecological principle? a. tolerance b. limiting factor c. resilience d. persistence e. optimal level ANSWER:
b
38. Rapidly growing countries have an age structure diagram that ____. a. forms an inverted pyramid b. has a broad-based pyramid c. shows little variation in population by age d. has a small pre-reproductive population e. has a large post reproductive population
b
4. The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years has been a result of ____. a. large birth rate increases b. sharp drop in death rates c. significant immigration d. leveling off of death rates e. fewer epidemics
b
40. Ninety percent of Indian couples have access to modern birth control methods, but only ____% actually use them. a. 80 b. 47 c. 62 d. 10 e. 31
b
43. A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called a(n) ____. a. community b. population c. ecosystem d. biosphere e. biome
b
An example of an internal parasite is a ____. a. lamprey b. tapeworm c. mistletoe d. tick e. flea
b
Kelp forests help reduce ____ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand. a. runoff b. shore erosion c. coastal pollution d. tidal waves e. tidal pools
b
The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called ____. a. stability b. inertia c. constancy d. tipping point e. resilience
b
Through natural selection, different species of birds called honeycreepers have shared resources by evolving specialized beaks to take advantage of certain types of food such as insects, seeds, fruits, and nectar from certain flowers. This is called ____. a. the competitive exclusion principle b. resource partitioning c. population distribution d. interspecific competition e. mimicry
b
What type of succession begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, and that contains soil or bottom sediment? a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. ecological establishment d. disturbance succession e. facilitation
b
. Kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of ____. a. algae b. phytoplankton c. seaweed d. trees
c
12. What circumstance would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child? a. the use of children as an essential part of the family labor force b. lack of contraceptive availability c. opportunities for women to participate in education and employment d. the lack of a public or private pension system e. high infant mortality rates
c
16. Since 1955, the global life expectancy has risen to ____. a. 48 years b. 52 years c. 71 years d. 75 years e. 78 years
c
17. A population with more old people than young people is likely to have a(n)____. a. increase in population b. stabilized population c. decrease in population d. urbanized society e. economic downfall
c
21. Which country, which has discouraged immigration in the past, is now finding its economic future threatened due to the effects of a declining population? a. India b. the Netherlands c. Japan d. Ethiopia e. China
c
23. The hypothesis known as the demographic transition states as countries become industrialized and economically developed, their ____. a. populations grow exponentially b. populations grow linearly c. populations grow more slowly d. per capita income falls e. poverty rates increase
c
25. The total fertility rate is the ____. a. number of children born to a woman during her lifetime b. number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves c. average number of children born to women in their reproductive years d. number of live births per 1,000 people e. births and immigrations into a population
c
26. Between 1955 and 2015, the global total fertility rate (TFR) dropped from 5.0 in less-developed countries from 5 to ____. a. 4.5 b. 3.6 c. 2.5 d. 2.1 e. 1.8
c
29. Members of the baby-boom generation make up ____% of all adult Americans. a. 6 b. 16 c. 25 d. 36 e. 46
c
29. The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often less suitable for itself is called ____. a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. facilitation d. inhibition e. tolerance ANSWER:
c
32. Rapid population decline is least likely to result in ____. a. less government revenues with fewer workers b. less new business formation c. increased pensions and lowered retirement age d. less likelihood for new technology development e. increasing public deficits
c
34. What is one factor that accounts for large family size in India? a. more children means more help from the government b. they want to send children out to work in factories c. a preference for male children means that couples will continue having children d. birth control methods are practically nonexistent e. their daughters stay with parents even after they have children
c
35. What is the centerpiece of China's family planning and birth control policy? a. generous adoption policy b. free birth control c. one-child families d. sterilizations e. abortions
c
37. Countries whose population is not growing have an age structure diagram that ____. a. forms an inverted pyramid b. forms a broad-based pyramid c. has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups d. has a large pre-reproductive population e. has a large reproductive population
c
37. There are ____ limits to population growth in nature. a. never b. sometimes c. always d. low e. high ANSWER:
c
39. When plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. What does this curve indicate? a. logistic growth b. environmental resistance c. exponential growth d. carrying capacity e. biotic potential
c
44. What is the most common distribution of populations? a. random b. uniform c. clumped d. dense e. dispersed ANSWER:
c
46. Emigration is the ____. a. arrival of individuals into an established population b. arrival movement of individuals into an uninhabited area c. departure movement of individuals from a population to another area d. repeated movement into and out of an area e. lack of immigration into an area ANSWER:
c
47. Four of the five statements about India are true. Select the exception. a. Twenty-five percent of people in cities live in slums. b. India has the fourth largest economy. c. Eighty percent of rural people have adequate sanitation. d. Three hundred million people do not have electricity. e. Thirty percent of the population suffers from extreme poverty.
c
47. What is an example of a K-selected species? a. goats b. bacteria c. whales d. flies e. frogs
c
48. What is a feature of r-selected species? a. Their offspring mature slowly. b. They have long life spans. c. They have populations that fluctuate between high and low. d. They breed late in life. e. They have only one or two offspring. ANSWER:
c
49. Each population in an ecosystem has a ____ to variations in its physical and chemical environment. a. low tolerance b. high tolerance c. range of tolerance d. high resilience e. low resilience ANSWER:
c
49. Which country experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth between 1990 and 2010, thus reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty by almost 500 million? a. India b. Bangladesh c. China d. Egypt e. Thailand
c
8. If every woman on the earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for ____ years. a. 5,000 b. 150 c. 50 d. 20 e. 5
c
If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following? a. camouflage b. cooperation c. resource partitioning d. resource expansion e. mimicry
c
Kelp forests play key roles in marine ecosystems, in part by supporting important biodiversity. These kelp forests are threatened by ____. a. rising tides b. sea otters c. sea urchins d. cooling waters e. sport fishing
c
Plants such as pitcher plants share a commensalistic interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests by attaching to the trunks or branches of the trees. The pitcher plants are examples of ____. a. parasites b. opportunistic parasites c. epiphytes d. prey e. herbivores
c
Some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. What is this called? a. chemotoxicity b. biological warfare c. chemical warfare d. behavioral warfare e. behavioral strategies
c
What is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism? a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism
c
13. Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ____. a. birth rate and death rate b. replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate c. life expectancy and death rate d. life expectancy and infant mortality rate e. population growth rate and death rate
d
22. Which country had the world's longest life expectancy in 2012? a. U.S. b. Sweden c. Germany d. Japan e. Denmark
d
24. If the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraded area may not be restored by secondary succession. When this happens, the damaged ecosystem has reached ____. a. stability b. inertia c. constancy d. a tipping point e. resilience
d
24. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given year. a. 50 b. 100 c. 500 d. 1,000 e. 100,000
d
27. The U.S. total fertility rate has remained at or below replacement rate since what year? a. 1942 b. 1952 c. 1962 d. 1972 e. 1982
d
30. Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ____. a. facilitation b. imperturbability c. inhibition d. tolerance e. intolerance
d
31. Based on recent U.S. census data, what shape in an age-structure chart would best illustrate the effects of the baby-boom in the United States? a. classic pyramid b. wide base that narrows rapidly c. narrow base and wide top d. stable base with a slight bulge near the top e. stable base with a slight bulge near the bottom
d
38. The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of ____. a. logistic growth b. environmental resistance c. exponential growth d. carrying capacity e. biotic potential
d
4. Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high-frequency echolocation to locate them. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____. a. mimicry b. commensalism c. a behavioral strategy d. coevolution e. mutualism
d
41. By 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the United States were drastically reduced, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators, their population has ____. a. moved more deeply into wilderness areas b. been reduced even more c. stabilized d. exploded e. succumbed to hunting pressure
d
41. Which statement about China is true? a. Between 1972 and 2015, China doubled its birth rate. b. China had a population of 1.37 million people in 2015. c. In 2015, the Chinese government reinstituted its one-child policy. d. China has many critical resource and environmental problems. e. China's population is projected to peak at 1.4 million in 2026.
d
46. Which statement about India's resource and environmental problems is false? a. India has 18% of world's people, but only 2.3 % of world's land resources. b. About one-half of India's cropland is degraded. c. About two-thirds of its water is seriously polluted. d. India has about 15% of the world's forests. e. Sanitation services are often inadequate.
d
5. Currently, how many people worldwide do not have their basic needs met? a. one out of every two people b. one out of every three people c. one out of every five people d. one out of every seven people e. one out of every fifteen people
d
50. In the demographic transition model, death rates fall while birth rates remain high ____ stage. a. during the preindustrial b. during the industrial c. during the postindustrial d. during the transitional e. following the postindustrial
d
50. The nonpoisonous ____ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ____. a. monarch; viceroy; camouflage b. monarch; zebra swallowtail; camouflage c. viceroy; zebra swallowtail; mimicry d. viceroy; monarch; mimicry e. viceroy; monarch; camouflage
d
6. Some analysts argue that ____ has increased the earth's carrying capacity for the human species. a. time b. medicine c. agriculture d. technology e. the economy
d
9. The 2015 U.S. population of 322 million is expected to reach what level by 2050? a. 550 million b. 500 million c. 450 million d. 398 million e. 350 million
d
The hind wings of the Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. What is this called? a. echolocation b. deceptive behavior c. mutualism d. deceptive looks e. chemical warfare
d
The pollination of flowering plants by species such as honeybees is ____. a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism
d
The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ____. a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism
d
. Grasslands have ____ and can burn easily. a. low facilitation b. high facilitation c. low resilience d. high inertia e. low inertia
e
1. Large numbers of people are moving from rural areas to urban areas and most of these urban dwellers live in ____. a. affluent countries b. New York c. northern Europe d. the United States e. less-developed countries
e
15. In areas with low infant mortality rates, women tend to have ____. a. more children b. poor education c. insufficient nutrition d. poor health e. fewer children
e
18. Environmental refugees are people who have to leave their homes and sometimes their countries because of ____. a. social injustices b. political problems c. religious persecution d. war e. environmental degradation
e
2. What concept describes the maximum number of people who can live in reasonable comfort and freedom indefinitely? a. optimization strategy b. genetic optimization c. stabilization theorem d. nil hypothesis e. cultural carrying capacity
e
28. Which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession? a. abandoned parking lot b. newly cooled lava c. newly constructed reservoir d. a crumbled concrete building e. recently flooded land
e
33. The text suggests that one key demographic statistic is the percentage of people in a region who are under 15 years of age. Why is this statistic important? a. Young people buy lots of goods and services. b. Young people will be the leaders of the future. c. Young people will feel the effects of global warming. d. Young people are reckless and impulsive. e. Young people are poised to move into their prime reproductive years.
e
36. An age structure diagram plots the number or percentage of ____. a. reproductive age females b. reproductive age males and females c. non-reproductive age males and females d. economic status of reproductive males and females e. males and females among age groups in a population
e
36. Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans ____. a. have high population growth rates b. have high environmental resistance c. have low environmental resistance d. are unlikely to ever face extinction e. are vulnerable to extinction
e
42. Species with a capacity for a high rate of population growth are called ____. a. o-selected species b. p-selected species c. K-selected species d. j-selected species e. r-selected species ANSWER:
e
43. In developing countries, demographic transition is least likely to be hindered by ____. a. environmental degradation b. extreme poverty c. resource depletion d. a drop in economic assistance from developed countries e. an increase in education opportunities for women
e
45. A population increases through birth and ____. a. assimilation b. integration c. socialization d. emigration e. immigration ANSWER:
e
45. Women are least likely to have fewer and healthier children when ____. a. their individual rights are protected b. they earn an income of their own c. they have access to education d. they control their own fertility e. they marry at a young age
e
7. The U.S. population is ____. a. close to leveling off b. slowly declining c. basically stable d. rapidly declining e. rapidly growing
e
What occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other? a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism
e
What refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance? a. stability b. inertia c. constancy d. tipping point e. resilience
e
When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called ____. a. mimicry b. coevolution c. parasitism d. commensalism e. mutualism
e