CH 5: Tissues (A&P)

1. It protects underlying tissues: Our skin is epithelial tissue and protects us from the harmful rays of the sun and certain chemicals. The lining of our digestive tract is made of epithelial tissue and protects underlying tissue from abrasion as food moves through the tract. 2. It absorbs: In the lining of the small intestine, nutrients from our digested food enter blood capillaries and get carried to the cells of our body. 3. It secretes: All glands are made of epithelial tissue; the endocrine glands secrete hormones, the mucous glands secrete mucus, and our intestinal tract contains cells that secrete digestive enzymes in addition to the pancreas and the liver, which secrete the major portions of digestive enzymes. 4. Epithelial tissue excretes: Sweat glands excrete waste products such as urea.

Epithelial tissue functions in four major ways:

Fasciae

Fibrous sheets of connective tissue that wrap around muscle bundles are:

Neuron

The basic unit of organization of nervous tissue is the nerve cell or

Mast Cells

The cells found in loose connective tissue that function in the production of heparin and histamine are

Columnar epithelial cells

The cells that line ducts, the digestive tract, and parts of the respiratory tract are called:

Fascia

The connective tissue covering a whole muscle is called

Cuboidal epithelial cells

The cube-shaped cells that line the kidney tubules and cover the ovaries and secretory parts of certain glands are called:

simple, stratified, pseudostratified, and transitional.

The four most common arrangements of epithelial cells are

Dentin

The specialized connective tissue that forms our teeth is

Peritoneal membrane

This membrane lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal organs:

Pericardial membrane

This membrane lines the heart cavity and protects the heart:

Connective

What tissue allows for movement and provides support for other types of cells?

Nervous

What tissue reacts to stimuli and conducts impulses?

Epithelial tissue

What type of tissue forms glands that secrete materials such as digestive juices, hormones, milk, perspiration, and wax?

Cardiac

_________ muscle found only in the heart.

Collagen

a tough fiber found in the matrix of connective tissue

Hyaline cartilage

a type of cartilage that forms the early skeleton of the embryo

Mesothelium

a type of epithelial tissue based on function, also called serous tissue, that lines the cavities of the body that have no openings to the outside

Areolar

a type of loose connective tissue

Connective tissue

a type of tissue that supports or binds

Connective tissue

allows movement and provides support for other types of tissue

Histamine

an inflammatory substance produced in response to allergies

Basement membrane

anchors epithelial cells to each other and to underlying tissues

Heparin

anticoagulant manufactured by the liver and mast cells

Dentin

bone-like substance found in teeth

Muscle tissue

cells have the ability to shorten and thicken or contract

Hyaline Cartilage

cells lie in cavities called lacunae; firm matrix is made of protein and polysaccharides; forms fetal skeleton; covers ends of bones

Chondrocyte

cells of cartilage

Pseudostratified epithelium

cells that have a layered appearance but actually extend from the basement membrane to the outer free surface

Ligaments

connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Cell body

contains the nucleus of a neuron

Nervous tissue

controls and coordinates body activites

Tendons

dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Phagocytic

describing the process by which a cell eats debris and microorganisms

Endocrine glands

ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Kupffer's cells

eat bacteria and old white and red blood cells; found in the liver

Macrophages

engulf and digest antigens; monocytes

Squamous epithelium

epithelial cells that are flat and slightly irregular in shape and serve as a protective layer

Columnar epithelium

epithelial cells that are tall and rectangular; found lining the ducts of certain glands and in mucous-secreting tissues

Endothelium

epithelial cells that line the circulatory system

Cuboidal epithelium

epithelial cells that look like small cubes; their function is secretion, protection, and absorption

Reticular

fine network of fibers; type of loose connective tissue that forms the framework of the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and lymphoid tissue nodes

Elastin

flexible fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue

Glandular epithelium

forms glands

Elastic cartilage

forms the external ear, ear canals, and epiglottis

Cancellous bone

forms the inner spongy tissue underneath compact bone

Compact bone

forms the outer layer of bone and is very dense

Smooth muscle

found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines; cannot be influenced at will

Compound exocrine glands

glands made of several lobules with branching ducts

Exocrine glands

glands that have ducts

Simple exocrine glands

glands with ducts that do not branch

Tissue

groups of cells similar in size, shape, and function

Fibrocartilage

has collagen fibers embedded in matrix to make it dense and resistant to stretching; forms the intervertebral disks that surround the spinal cord

Endocardium

innermost layer of the heart wall, including epithelial cells that line the heart

Matrix

intercellular material in connective tissue

Histiocytes

large, stationary phagocytic cells

Fascia

layer of areolar tissue covering the whole muscle trunk

Synovial membranes

line the cavities of freely moving joints; produce synovial fluid

Mucous membrane

lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; produces mucus

Serous tissue

lines the great cavities of the body that have no opening to the outside; also called mesothelium

Blood

liquid connective tissue; matrix is watery plasma; cells are formed of elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)

Adipose

loose connective tissue full of fat cells. loaded with fat cells; looks like soap bubbles under microscope; protects organs and stores fat for energy and insulation.

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Pericardium

membrane covering the heart

Peritoneum

membrane lining the abdominal cavity

Pleura

membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

Muscle fibers

muscle cells

Cardiac muscle

muscle found only in the heart

Neuron

nerve cell that transmits impulses

Neuroglia

nerve cells that perform support and protection

Simple epithelium

one cell-layer thick

visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

Parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

Microglia

phagocytic cell found in the central nervous system; also called neuroglia

Epithelial tissue

protects underlying tissues, absorbs, and secretes

Dendrites

receptive areas of the neuron; extensions of the nerve cell body

Erythrocytes

red blood cells (RBCs)

Mast cells

round-shaped cells found close to small blood vessels that produce heparin

Stratified epithelium

several layers of cells thick

Transitional epithelium

several layers of closely packed, flexible, easily stretched cells; cells appear flat when stretched and saw-toothed when relaxed

Fibroblasts

small, flattened cells with large nuclei and reduced cytoplasm that produce fibrin in connective tissue

Blood

specialized connective tissue

Lymphoid tissue

specialized connective tissue

Hematopoietic tissue

specialized connective tissue that produces blood cells

Bone

specialized connective tissue. cells located in lacunae, but matrix is impregnated with calcium and phosphorus salts, making it extremely strong and dense; forms skeleton.

Intercalated disks

structures that connect the branches of cardiac muscle cells with one another

Reticuloendothelial (RE)

system specialized connective tissue involved in phagocytosis

Axon

the long extension of a nerve cell body; a neuron has only one axon

Peristalsis

the physical movement or pushing of food along the digestive tract

Histology

the study of tissue

Axon endings

the terminal portions of axons

Areolar

tightly packed collagen protein fibers; forms tendons and ligaments

Dense regular

tightly packed collagen protein fibers; forms tendons and ligaments

Lacunae

tiny cavities between the lamellae or rings of compact bone that contain bone cells

Muscle tissue

tissue that can shorten and thicken or contract

Striated or skeletal muscle

tissue that causes movement; multinucleated with striations; skeletal muscle

Epithelial tissue

type of tissue that protects, absorbs, or secretes

Goblet cells

unicellular glands that secrete mucus

Leukocytes

white blood cells (WBCs)

Aponeuroses

wide and flat tendon