Ch 6 Biology in the present: The other living primates

Catarrhine Platyrrhine

- relating to primates of a group that comprises the Old World monkeys, gibbons, great apes, and humans. They are distinguished by having nostrils that are close together and directed downward. - relating to primates of a group that comprises the New World monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins. They are distinguished by having nostrils that are far apart and directed forward or sideways, and typically have a prehensile tail. (Platyrrhines, or New World monkeys, have round nostrils, which are divided by a large nasal septum.)

primates with their correct upper-jaw dental formula.

2.1.2.3. human chimpanzee macaque 2.1.3.3. lemur howler monkey

Which of the following are traits associated with apes, and which are associated with monkeys?

Apes lack of a tail broad trunks larger body and brain sizes slow growth pattern Monkeys high interspecies variability bilophodont molar

The longest period of growth and development is found in

Humans

Monkeys whereas

New world monkeys (New World primates inhabit regions of North and South America) - Spider monkeys - Golden lion tamarin - Only New World monkeys have the prehensile tails Old world monkeys (Old World primates live in Africa, Asia, and Europe) - Proboscis - Black-and-white colobus

Where have nonhuman primates never naturally lived?

Nonhuman primates have never inhabited Australia. Nonhuman primates have lived on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. (Antarctica is not shown on this map.)

What can be concluded from the graph

Primates with the largest body mass also have the largest brain mass Humans (the blue dot) have the largest brain:body mass ratio of any primate or mammal. Apes (green dots) have much larger bodies than those of monkeys or strepsirhines, and they also have relatively larger brains.

Which of the following are reasons why primates should be studied?

The study of primates provides insight into why humans engage in conflict and warfare. The study of primates allows for insight into the origins of humans. The study of primates enables advances in medicine. The study of primates assists in the preservation of their species in the wild.

Which of the following is true regarding nonhuman primates?

They are very intelligent. They live relatively long lives. They are highly adaptable. They display complex social behavior. Theres is great variation within diet

Which of the following is/are prominent tendencies used to define primates?

They express a great deal of parental investment. They are adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. They express dietary plasticity.

Which of the following is true about tarsiers?

They have elongated tarsals. They have large, bulbous eyes. They have only two lower incisors.

Within the past 30 years, nearly 50% of today's 600 taxa of primates are endangered, in large part due to human activity. Identify the ways in which anthropologists work to protect endangered primates, such as this highly endangered northern muriqui.

Ways Anthropologists Protect Primates study primates in their natural environments work with local communities in areas where endangered primates live introduce primates raised in captivity into new environments in the wild

Which of the following primates has a honing complex with a diastema?

apes Old World monkeys

Which specific term describes teeth with two ridges, as found in Old World-monkey molars?

bilophodont

The .......... classification scheme uses anatomical and genetic evidence to determine ancestor-descendent relationships.

cladistic

Which of the following evolutionary developments is/are responsible for most primates' enhanced vision?

depth perception forward-facing eyes overlapping visual fields fully or partially enclosed eye orbit color vision

Which of the following evolutionary developments is/are responsible for primates' enhanced sense of touch?

fingernails and toenails dermal ridges

Match each trait with the primate group in which it appears (strepsirhines or haplorhines).

haplorhines bigger brains fully enclosed eye orbits strepsirhines tooth comb large olfactory bulb grooming claw fingernails and claws

Diastema

is part of the canine-premolar honing complex of Old World monkeys and apes. As they chew, the movement of the teeth against each other maintains the sharpness of the large upper canines.

Which of the following are primitive traits retained exclusively by strepsirhines?

rhinarium specialized diet

Humans have ................. canine teeth, whereas monkeys and apes have ................. canines.

small, nonprojecting projecting, pointed

The foot shown here belongs to a(n) .............., which has an excellent leaping ability because of its elongated tarsals.

tarsier Tarsiers are unique for a number of reasons, including the elongated tarsals that enable them to be great leapers.