Ch 6: fats and other lipids

plant food sterols and stanols

plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol, have blood cholesterol-lowering properties

light to moderate amounts of alcohol can

decrease platelet stickiness, reduce blood levels of fibrinogen, raise HDL cholesterol levels

LDL that are more likely to cause atherosclerosis are ___ than others

denser and smaller

raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels

drink small amounts of alcohol

statins

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream, reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels

reduces LDL cholesterol

eat rich sources of fiber

contain cholesterol

eggs, ice cream, chicken

excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with

elevated triglycerides, elevated LDL

alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid

essential fatty acids

bile salts

help enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles

Cholecystokinin

hormone that stimulates gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

omega-6

increase blood clotting and inflammation

major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides

insulate and protect the body, provide energy, aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins

most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis

legs, eyes, kidneys

sterol

lipid compound containing a mullti-ring structure

HDL

lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver

carbs

the body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids

The Nutrition Facts panel on food labels includes information on

total fat, trans fat, saturated fat, cholesterol

____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ___ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans, saturated

short and medium chain fatty acids

travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

steps of dietary fat absorption

1- absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2- triglycerides are reassembled 3- triglycerides are packed in chylomicrons 4- chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

progression from a normal artery to atherosclerotic one

1- artery has smooth linking 2- cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation 3- plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form 4- clots and plaque block the artery completely

steps of development of atherosclerosis

1- damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2-plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3- as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4- pressure in artery is increased 5- clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

steps of lipid digestion

1- fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2- cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase into the duodenum 3- pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

embolus

a blood clot or plaque that breaks free from where it Formed &travels through the bloodstream

thrombus

a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts flow

homocyesteine

amino acid that may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease

underlying cause of most cases of heart disease

atherosclerosis

dietary modifications that can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease

avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels, eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels, drink small amounts of alc to raise HDL cholesterol levels

Decreases triglycerides

avoid sucrose and fructose

lipoproteins

carry different amounts of cholesterol, phospholipids, protein

4 major classes of lipoproteins

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

smoking and elevated cholesterol levels and blood in early adulthood are associated with the formation of ___ calcium

coronary

omega-3

decrease blood clotting and inflammation, unsaturated, contains the first C=C on the 3rd carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain

atherosclerosis

long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

polyunsaturated fat

may lead to reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol

end products of fat digestion

monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acid

long chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

adipose cells

remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, commonly called fat cells

enterohepatic circulation

responsible for recycling bile form the intestinal tract

structurally a trans fat resembles a

saturated fat

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

serve form of thiamine deficiency often seen in alcoholics

alcohol

stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue

pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

protein

the body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids

trans fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid that allows the carbon chin to remain straighter, h found on opposite sides of c-c double bond

cis fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid that causes the carbon chain to bend, h bonds found on same side of the c-c double bond