ch 6 hw

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone

Compact bone Spongy bone Central canal Osteon Endosteum Circumferential lamellae Periosteum Lamellae know part b as well Lamellae Central canal Canaliculus Lacunae

Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure?

Endochondral ossification

Calcium is released by the action of__________ ,which break down bone matrix.

osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

secrete osteoid

Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched? femur: long bone tarsals: short bones cranial bones: flat bones sternum: long bone

sternum: long bone

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? foramen fossa trochanter sinus groove

trochanter

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located? A B C D E

B Hematopoietic tissue is found in the red bone marrow within certain body locations consisting of spongy bone. Examples include the diploe of flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus (pictured).

Which description of skeletal cartilage is INCORRECT? Articular cartilages cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints. Elastic cartilages are able to tolerate repeated bending. Fibrocartilages are able to withstand both pressure and stretch. Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose.

Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose.

Which of the following pairings is correct? osteoporosis; increased bone density rickets; deficiency of vitamin A osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Which of the following statements regarding the skeleton is INCORRECT? The appendicular skeleton allows us to move around. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdles. The axial skeleton supports and protects internal organ

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? thyroid hormones calcitriol calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH)

calcitonin

Bones do NOT have a role in __________. fat storage support movement blood cell formation glycogen production

glycogen production

The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue? mesenchyme hyaline cartilage dense connective tissue fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________.

interstitial growth

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve? endosteum lacunae periosteum lamellae

lamellae

structure of long bone

proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal metaphysis Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Compact bone Diaphysis Medullary cavity Distal epiphysis

You're talking with Liliana before her release from the hospital. Which of her statements indicates the need for further patient education? "The only supplement I should need would be calcium, so I will take a calcium supplement every morning." "Will the doctor have my vitamin D levels tested?" "At last I have an excuse for taking walks outside in the sun!" "My parathyroids are really important for maintaining my bones!"

"The only supplement I should need would be calcium, so I will take a calcium supplement every morning."

Which statement regarding osteons is FALSE? Collagen gives osteons the ability to resist twisting forces. Osteons are found in all bone tissues The inorganic matrix of an osteon gives it the ability to resist compression. Osteons consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.

Osteons are found in all bone tissues

______________ is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle.

Osteoporosis

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? calcitriol vitamin D calcitonin thyroid hormones

calcitriol

Classification of bones on the basis of shape.

long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone', sesamomid (short bone)

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with their appropriate function? osteoblasts; create new bone matrix osteoclasts; bone resorption osteocytes; produce new bone cells. bone lining cells; maintain bone matrix

osteocytes; produce new bone cells.

When assessing Liliana's condition relative to her tibia fracture after the open reduction, the nurse will be especially alert for signs of which of these problems? Infection. Inadequate calcium for healing. Bleeding. Failure of the red bone marrow to create enough erythrocytes.

Infection.

Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT? Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Bone lining cells are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on. Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions.

Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts.

The word root ----- means blood. The word root _____ means around or enclosing. The word root _____ means bone. The word root ____ means one that breaks or destroys. The word root _____ means embryonic or formative cell.

The word root ----- means blood. hema The word root _____ means around or enclosing. peri The word root _____ means bone. oste The word root ____ means one that breaks or destroys. clast The word root _____ means embryonic or formative cell. blast

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D? production of compact bone production of hyaline cartilage bone resorption interstitial growth

bone resorption

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones? articular cartilage hydroxyapatite osteoid periosteum

hydroxyapatite

Which of the following statements is true? Hormones determine where remodeling occurs within the skeleton. After the age of 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones. By the age of 21, the width of the bones stops changing. PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix.

After the age of 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

Which statement regarding the classification of bones is FALSE? Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones. Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons. The sternum is an example of a flat bone.

Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitriol

calcitriol

Which of the following statements is true? During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone. Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes. Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones.

During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.

________are cells that build bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

Your patient is returning for follow-up 6 weeks after sustaining a nondisplaced fracture of his radius. He tells you that his forearm is no longer painful, but he is concerned that he can palpate a "lump" in the bone at the site of the healing fracture. What is your response? "That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As your body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape." "The lump means that the fracture was not set properly. I'm concerned that the ends of the fracture aren't properly aligned." "That lump may be a sign of infection. We need to obtain cultures from the site." "I'm concerned that your bone is not healing properly. Let's ask the doctor about doing some X-rays."

"That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As your body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape."

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

Which event has to proceed all others during endochondral ossification? A cartilage model of the bone is formed. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. An epiphyseal plate is formed.

A cartilage model of the bone is formed.

Which structure is seen at the arrow? periosteum epiphyseal plate periosteal bud bone collar

bone collar

Which hormone is NOT matched with its correct function? calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels growth hormone; lengthens long bones osteocalcin; helps regulate glucose metabolism PTH; indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

What event at letter B leads to elongation of the bone? formation of compact bone calcification of the cartilage matrix conversion of bone into cartilage chondrocyte hypertrophy and deterioration

chondrocyte hypertrophy and deterioration

Which of the following are correctly matched? linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

The main role of the axial skeleton is to help us manipulate our environment.

false; It is the appendicular skeleton, along with the skeletal muscles that attach to it, that allows us to manipulate our environment. The axial skeleton is mostly involved in protecting, supporting, or carrying other body parts.

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? glucagon parathyroid hormone low blood Ca2+ concentration mechanical stress

glucagon

Bones do NOT have a role in __________. movement fat storage blood cell formation glycogen production support

glycogen production

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________. growth hormone testosterone thyroid hormones estrogen

growth hormone.

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

Blood cells are formed by the process of ___________

hematopoiesis.

What material makes up most of the structure at A? (check image above) elastic cartilage dense irregular connective tissue hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage The articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is formed from hyaline cartilage.

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?) increase osteoclasts increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney increase osteoblasts on bone

increase osteoblasts on bone

The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the

periosteum

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component? endosteum; dense regular connective tissue periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue periosteum; cuboidal epithelium endosteum; areolar tissue

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely upon this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins. ribosomes peroxisomes mitochondria centrioles ribosomes

ribomes

The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures? the epiphyseal plate a primary ossification center the articular cartilage a secondary ossification center

the epiphyseal plate

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? the diaphysis the epiphyseal plate the medullary cavity the epiphyses

the epiphyseal plate

Flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploë, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

true Flat bones consist of thin plates of spongy bone (diploë) covered by compact bone.

The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces.

true The organic matrix, or osteoid, makes up about one-third of the bone matrix. This portion includes the collagen fibers that provide bone with its flexibility and tensile strength, allowing it to resist stretch and twisting.