CH 6 Lipids

The main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are ____ in water

insoluble

Arteriosclerosis

long-term disease process in which there is a loss of arterial flexibility

____ _______ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from a triglyceride molecule.

pancreatic lipase

_________ _______ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

pancreatic lipase

Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple _______

risk factors

Decrease blood clotting and inflammation

omega-3

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

trans

What contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?

a phosopohlipid

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base.

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both contain a straight molecular structure

1 in 3 adult Americans suffer from some form of _______ disease.

cardiovascular

Eating foods that are rich sources of ____ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels.

dietary fiber

Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as ______

dietary saturated fat

Name the non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis

family history of CVS increasing age race/ethnic background male sex

What kind of acids can be saturated or unsaturated?

fatty acids

What is often referred to as the "silent disease"?

hypertension

Modifiable Risk Factors

hypertension diabetes mellitus elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL) excess body fat physical inactivity tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke untreated sleep apnea

Increase blood clotting and inflammation

omega-6

Allows the carbon chain to remain straigher

trans fatty acid

The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called ______. Why?

"bad" because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues, including cells in the arterial walls that make atherosclerotic plaques.

The cholesterol carried by HDL is often called ______. Why?

"good" because it does not contribute to plaque formation

Moist cooking methods help tenderize meats without adding ____

fats

Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least ___ days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure.

5 days

Bile acids produced by the ____ and stored in the ____ aid in lipid digestions by emulsifying lipids.

liver gallbladder

Atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls

Trans fatty acids have hydrogens found:

on the opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond

Cis fatty acids have hydrogens found:

on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

The ______ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat.

pancreas

What is true about how an emulsifier works?

prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules isolates individual fat droplets

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the _______

small intestine

Although considered the "silent disease", hypertension can increase the risk of:

stroke kidney disease heart failure

A cis fatty acid has:

the two carbon atoms that are connected by a double bond each having a hydrogen atom on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain

a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow

thrombus

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

to provide energy to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body

A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with _____ atoms

Hydrogen

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease include:

-heart disease (coronary artery disease or CAD) -stroke -diseases of the blood vessels.

What are by-products of lipid digestion?

glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments

What is true about the hydrogenation process?

it produces trans fats

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

linoleic acid alpha-linoleic acid

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

Name cooking methods which can limit added fats, but maximize flavor include:

stir-frying pot roasting steaming

What is the correct order of lipid digestion?

stomach liver pancreas small intestine anus

____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of _______ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans saturated

Medium-chain fatty acids have:

6 to 12 carbons

______ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

hydrogenation

Direct benefits of physical activity include:

- reduce blood LDL - reduce triglyceride levels - raise blood HDL levels -maintaining a healthy body weight - achieving a healthy body weight

What are possible risk factors for CVD?

tobacco use genetics diabetes increasing age race/ethnic background family history of CVD male sex untreated sleep apnea elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol) excess body fat physical inactivity hypertension diabete mellitus

Outline the progression from a normal artery to an atherosclerotic one

1- artery has smooth lining 2- cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation 3- plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form 4- clots and plaque block the artery completely

Long-chain fatty acids have:

14-24 carbons

causes the carbon chain to bend

Cis fatty acid

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

1. absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled 3. triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Short-chain fatty acids have:

2 to 4 carbons

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

3 attached fatty acids glycerol backbone

What is an emulsifier?

a compound that can suspend fat in water

A clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called ______

a thrombus

______ cells, which absorb fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells.

adipose

According to the Dietary Guidelines for AMericans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ______ to ___ % of their total calories

20-35%

Who is more likely to have a heart attack?

men

Name types of lipids

sterols (cholesterol) phospholipids triglycerides

Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are _____ fatty acids.

cis

What is the order of lipid digestion in the small intestine?

1. fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum. 3. pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

What hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes?

cholecystokinin

_____ is found only in foods that contain animal products

cholesterol

What can reduce developing CVD?

- increasing dietary fiber - reducing alcohol intake - decreasing intake of refined sugar

Name foods that contain cholestorol

FOOD FROM ANIMALS: egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, whole milk, cheese, ice cream

a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

embolus

Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine.

1. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. biles salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile