Ch 6 LPad

As a cat pounces on a mouse, its muscles consume 10 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from the food it consumed). However, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. How many units of energy were dissipated as heat?

6

Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work?

A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen.

Stored energy is called _____ energy

potential

Organic molecules store _____energy in their _____ bonds.

potential; covalent

Enzymes are most often:

proteins

Converting glucose to glycogen:

requires energy

Gibbs free energy is defined as:

the amount of energy available to do work.

Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that:

the use of ATP by cells evolved early in the history of life and has been conserved over time.

Carbon-carbon covalent bonds, such as the ones in carbohydrates and lipids, are _____ and have _____.

weak; a lot of potential energy

Imagine that a researcher tries to reduce the size of an enzyme by removing all the amino acids from the protein except those flanking, and constituting, the active site. Why wouldn't this work?

The removal of the amino acids may affect the ability of the enzyme to bind to substrates. The removal of the amino acids will likely affect the shape of the active site. Without the additional amino acids, the protein may not fold properly.

As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, the oceans become more:

acidic

Which of the following types of inhibitor permanently alters the enzyme it inhibits?

an irreversible inhibitor

The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy is neither created nor destroyed

Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy?

glucose

_____ are organisms that derive carbon from organic compounds.

heterotrophs

An avalanche is an example of _____ energy.

kinetic

A cougar chases its prey. Running is a form of:

kinetic energy

The entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called:

metabolism.

Which organisms are considered heterotrophs?

most bacteria and dogs

Spontaneous reactions have a _____ ΔG.

negative

During ______, large molecules are broken down and energy is released.

catabolism

Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). In addition, this microbe can synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a:

chemoautotroph.

Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are:

chemoheterotrophs.