Ch. 6 Quiz

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that A. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. B. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. C. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

D

_____ memories are to experiences as ______ memories are to facts. A. implicit; episodic B. semantic; implicit C. procedural; episodic D. episodic; semantic

D

Explicit memory is to ______ as implicit memory is to _____. A. episodic; semantic B. aware; unaware C. primacy; recency D. self; others

B

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each 'passing' day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of A. mental time travel B. repetition priming C. distributed practice D. reconsolidation

B

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? A. When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. B. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. C. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age. D. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both

B

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? A. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. B. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. C. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. D. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

C

The predominant type of coding in LTM is A. phonological B. concrete C. semantic D. visual

C

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ______ memory. A. implicit B. sensory C. long-term D. short-term

C

What is the double dissociation between KC and the Italian woman and what does brain imaging have to say about this?

KC has no episodic but has semantic. Italian woman has no semantic, but has episodic. this shows episodic and semantic mems served by diff brain areas. brain imaging confirms this, but also shows some overlap

Why would someone like KC not be able to imagine personal future events? How does this relate to the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?

KC lost his episodic memories and also could not imagine personal future events. this is bc the same brain areas are used in both recalling episodic memories and imagining the future. this contributed to the hypothesis that we take episodic mems and reconstruct them to build a mental simulation of future events

What are examples of visual coding for STM and LTM?

STM: holding a visual pattern in mind to remember what was just seen LTM: visualizing what the 85 building looks like from when I visited it in Taiwan

What are examples of auditory coding for STM and LTM?

STM: representing sounds of #s in your mind just after hearing them; confusing F and S bc they sound alike LTM: playing a song I listened to this morning in my head throughout the day; predicting next song on a CD and playing it when the last one ends (the last one triggers auditory rep. of next song) this type of coding is predominant in STM (i.e. remembering a phone number)

What does Graf's experiment with the amnesiacs and Korsakoff's patients show about priming? What kind of priming is this? How does this relate to HM and Clive Wearing's conditions and abilities?

amnesiacs did worse than the controls on the explicit test (free recall) of words but could successfully do the implicit test (cued recall w/ perceptual priming) bc their implicit memory is unaffected. this is repetition priming shows amnesia doesn't affect implicit mem. HM and Clive could learn procedural tasks and get better at them even if they didn't remember learning them bc of the amnesia. This is bc procedural memories (implicit) are not MTL dependent.

How have episodic and semantic memory been distinguished from one another?

episodic memories are personal events you can relive, involving mental time travel. there is no guarantee of accuracy semantic memories are just general knowledge and facts, not reliving events

Distinguish between explicit memory and implicit memory, and give examples of each type of implicit memory

explicit: memory you're aware of, you remember learning it -episodic: I remember going to the beach for the sunrise with Meghan. We woke up at 2am to drive to the beach and were so tired. We got to the beach and almost missed the sunrise, but it was beautiful... -semantic: I remember that George Washington is the first president of the US implicit: unconscious of -procedural: I remember how to brush my teeth but don't ever remember learning how, it's just second nature now -priming: I hear a commercial on the radio on my way to work about Dominos pizza. When my friends ask what I want for dinner that night, I say Dominos even though I don't remember hearing that ad. -classical conditioning: I walk into class and see my professor and immediately have a bad feeling about him without knowing why. This is because last semester, I saw him yelling at a kid and making a scene. I don't remember the original encounter, but this is an implicit memory explaining why I have a negative view of him now.

What is autobiographical memory? How does the definition of autobiographical memory incorporate both episodic and semantic memory?

it is memory for a specific XP that includes both semantic (facts related to event) and episodic (relived life event) components. the semantic component is called a personal semantic mem, which is a semantic mem that has personal significance. i.e. I had to buy eggs, flour, and sugar for the cookies I was making. This was right around the hurricane though, so the shelves at the store were pretty empty. I had to go to three different stores to get all the ingredients. I made them for my friend's birthday. She was turning 19 and we all went to her house to celebrate.

What conclusions about the separation of short-term and long-term memory followed from neuropsychology studies involving H.M., Clive Wearing, and K.F.?

it was thought that STM and LTM were served by two completely separate brain areas/functions bc HM and Clive had STM but no LTM (due to hippocampus damage) whereas KF had LTM but no STM (parietal lobe damage)

What is the remember/know procedure? How does it distinguish between episodic and semantic memories? How has it been used to measure how memory changes over time?

participants had to indicate if they remembered (i.e. context of original encounter w/ stim) or just knew (familiar but don't remember experiencing it) a public event. events longer ago had more "know" responses than "remember," while more recent events had both "know" and "remember" responses. this result shows the semanticization of remote memories. episodic details (remember) are lost for long ego events, but you can still retain memory of them (know)

What is an example of semantic coding for STM? (experimental evidence)

placing words in a STM task into categories based on meaning Wickens exp. where he gave part. lists of 3 words from either a "fruit" or "professions" category to remember and had to count backwards before reporting. he repeated this 4x. if you got the fruit group all 4x, you had trouble remembering bc of proactive interference. if you got professions group 3x and then the fruit group, you had better performance at the end bc there was a new category. this is called the release from proactive interference.

Describe how differences between short-term memory and long-term memory have been determined by measuring serial position curves.

primacy effect shows how info that is rehearsed (bc at beginning of list) is more likely to be transferred to LTM recency effect shows most recent items are still in STM and that's why they are remembered when subjects repeated words aloud in 5 sec intervals b/w words, the words at the beginning were repeated more, so more likely to get to LTM (primacy) when subjects had to count backwards and then recall, recency was eliminated bc no longer in STM and no rehearsal *Murdoch 1962

What is an example of semantic coding for LTM? (experimental evidence)

recalling general plot of a movie you watched last week Sachs experiment where part. listened to a passage and had to recognize an exact sentence from that passage among other wrong sentences. specific wording was forgotten but meaning was remembered

What is a prospective memory?

remembering to perform a planned action in the future

What do more recent experiments, such as the one by Ranganath and D'Esposito, indicate about the separation between brain mechanisms serving short-term and long-term memory?

they are not totally separate. in this experiment, participants saw a sample face and then a test face and had to tell if the face was the same. they had higher hippocampus activity for new faces than familiar ones. hippocampus was thought to serve only LTM, but here it serves STM (activates for new faces) this shows that LTM plays a part in STM