Ch 8-11, 14 Quiz Practice

Modernization theory - as a explanation on global inequality - would fall under which sociological perspective? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist

A. functionalist

Which sociological perspective would most likely to argue that the most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist

A. functionalist

Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"? A. opening a door for a female B. styling hair C. feeding a baby D. crying in public

A. opening a door for a female

In Max Weber's view A. people hold three distinct ranks in society. B. our position in a stratification system reflects some combinations of class, stigma, and power. C. our ranks in society is determined by four separate variables. D. all of these

A. people hold three distinct ranks in society.

Racism is defined as A. a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior. B. the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes. C. the systematic killing of an entire people or nation. D. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.

A. a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.

Inequality exists in: A. all societies B. western societies only C. developed societies only D. developing societies only

A. all societies

The tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations are called: A. corporate welfare B. business welfare C. welfare reform D. reverse welfare

A. corporate welfare

Institutional discrimination is the A. denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society. B. belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities. C. stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions. D. establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.

A. denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.

In sociological terms, members of minority group A. experience unequal treatment. B. are outnumbered by the dominant group. C. speak a different language that the dominant group. D. are members of a different religious group than the dominant group.

A. experience unequal treatment.

Capitalism is an economic system in which A. the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. B. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C. the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D. none of these

A. the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized and developing nations? A. Spain has an informal economy. B. Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries. C. Modernization has benefited Kenya. D. Mobility exists only in nonindustrialized societies.

B. Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries

Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true? A. The 10 largest multinational corporations all have their headquarters in the US. B. The value of sales of the largest multinational corporations exceeds the total value of goods and services of many peripheral nations. C. They are all state-owned, or public as opposed to private businesses. D. all of these

B. The value of sales of the largest multinational corporations exceeds the total value of goods and services of many peripheral nations.

The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government is used to measure which type of poverty? A. relative poverty B. absolute poverty C. elementary poverty D. dramatic poverty

B. absolute poverty

Communism is an economic system in which A. an economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. B. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C. the means of production and distribution are collectively owned D. none of these

B. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society? A. social mobility B. stratification C. hypergamy D. status

B. stratification

An ascribed status is a social position A. attained by a person largely through his or her own effort. B. assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents. C. based solely on income and wealth. D. based solely on lifestyle.

B. assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents.

Prejudice is to discrimination as A. norm is to value. B. attitude is to behavior. C. behavior is to attitude. D. good is to bad.

B. attitude is to behavior.

What are the two basic types of economic systems that distinguish contemporary societies? A. capitalism and communism B. capitalism and socialism C. socialism and communism D. capitalism and democracy

B. capitalism and socialism

Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Adolf Hitler, and Joan of the Arc were all leaders who used their respective power to press for changes in accepted social behavior. Their respective power came from what kind of authority? A. egalitarian authority B. charismatic authority C. traditional authority D. rational-legal authority

B. charismatic authority

A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented and as an adult, becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system? A. caste B. class C. estate D. slavery

B. class

Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occured when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely, because of the structure of our social structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(an) A. open stratification system B. closed stratification system C. egalitarian class system D. fractured class system

B. closed stratification system

Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski's analysis is consistent with which perspective? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing ducties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such as considerations are not so important? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which perspective would study how "welfare scapegoating" ignored federal handouts to individuals and families? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that the existence of unregulated maquiladoras in Mexico has led to the exploitation of workers with jobs that lack security, possibilities for advancement and decent wages? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy, although a few dominant enterprises restrict new one from entering the marketplace to restrict competition? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective would most likely urge policy makers and the general public to look closely at the corporate tax breaks, rather than focusing on the allowances given to welfare mothers and their children? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

Which sociological perspective would most likely would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

B. conflict

List the social institutions of religion and the family, economic, and political systems are considered A. latent functions B. cultural universals C. culturally relative D. interest groups

B. cultural universals

Expecting a woman to be nuturing would be an example of: A. genetic traits B. gender roles C. homophobia D. none of these

B. gender roles

Commercial organizations headquartered in one country that own or control other corporations or subsidiaries throughout the world are referred to as A. international companies B. multinational corporations C. megacorps D. world system enterprises

B. multinational corporations

The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo, illustrates the idea that A. poverty is absolute. B. poverty is relative. C. being a doctor is not a high-prestige occupation in all countries. D. americans are ethnocentric.

B. poverty is relative.

A sociology instructor decides what subject matter will be covered each time the class meets. The fact that the instructor can make these decisions and that the students must follow her leads is an example of A. charisma B. power C. politics D. force

B. power

In Karl Marx's view of class conscious workers in revolt, who will guide the working class in its struggle? A. bourgeoisie B. revolutionary leaders C. proletariat D. peasantry

B. revolutionary leaders

An ethnic group is a group A. that is set apart from others because of physical differences. B. that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. C. whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the member of a dominant group. D. that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.

B. that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

Which group is at the top of the color hierarchy in Mexico? A. the mestizos B. the criollos C. the Mexican Indians D. the Incas

B. the criollos

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, passed by Congress in 1996, ended: A. the guarantee that Democrats received assistance. B. the guarantee of assistance to every poor family that meets eligibility requirements. C. the guarantee of assistance to every poor family regardless of whether they meet eligibility requirements. D. the guarantee of assistance to every family in the US.

B. the guarantee of assistance to every poor family that meets eligibility requirements.

An unlicensed street vendor sells watches, which may have been stolen, from a makeshift stand in New York City's Times Square. Another individual repairs cars for "private" clients in a garage attached to his home. Both of these people are part of A. a multinational corporation B. the informal economy C. the private enonomy D. the underground economy

B. the informal economy

Which sociologist originally articulated the concept of the power elite? A. Max Weber B. Emile Durkheim C. C. Wright Mills D. Robert Merton

C. C. Wright Mills

Which country will be the world's largest economy in the year 2020? A. Japan B. United States C. China D. India

C. China

In the book The Jungle, Upton Sinclair describes the meatpacking industry in Chicago at the beginning of the twentieth century. The unregulated meatpacking companies had questionable health and safety standards, and they exploited their employees unmercifully. Sinclair was discussing a stage of economic development known as A. communism B. socialism C. Laissez-faire capitalism D. contemporary capitalism

C. Laissez-faire capitalism

What country does the text use as a case study to illustrate colonialism, neocolonialism, and the domination and exploitation of a peripheral, developing country by a core industrialized nation? A. Canada B. Sweden C. Mexico D. The Philippines

C. Mexico

Capitalism is an economic system in which A. the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. B. all property is communally owned an no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C. The means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit. D. none of these

C. The means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.

Which sociologist noted over 90 years ago that enslaved Blacks were in an even more oppressive situation than other subordinate groups because, by law, they could not own property and they could not pass on the benefits of their labor to their children? A. Booker T. Washington B. Malcolm X C. W.E.B. Du Bois D. Manning Nash

C. W.E.B. Du Bois

An unreliable generalization about all members of a group which does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as A. differential association. B. exploitation. C. a stereotype. D. institutional discrimination.

C. a stereotype.

Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to A. an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position. B. the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. C. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. D. the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.

C. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.

Socialism is defined as A. an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. B. an economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. C. an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D. none of these

C. an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned.

Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern US in the pre-civil rights era, an African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White member of the community. This would be an example of a(an) A. estate system B. class system C. caste system D. feudal system

C. caste system

The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is known as A. dependency B. neocolonialism C. colonialism D. modernization

C. colonialism

What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner? A. consumption flow B. inconspicuous riducule C. conspicuous leisure D. consumptive frivolity

C. conspicuous leisure

Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as "modernization" and "development" contain a(an) ___ bias. A. economical B. class C. ethnocentric D. scientific

C. ethnocentric

In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a A. bourgeoisie consciousness. B. class consciousness. C. false consciousness. D. caste consciousness.

C. false consciousness.

The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as A. social equality B. glass escalator C. feminism D. none of these

C. feminism

Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women? A. web of power B. kitchen of prison C. matrix of domination D. gender trap

C. matrix of domination

What term for government do we use to refer to small group of individuals who rule? A. democracy B. dictatorship C. oligarchy D. representative democracy

C. oligarchy

A decline in political participation allows governments to A. become dictatorships. B. be held to higher standards. C. operate with less accountability. D. become more efficient.

C. operate with less accountability.

Socialist societies differ from capitalist societies in their commitment to A. free elections B. support of the mass media C. provision of social service programs D. none of these

C. provision of social service programs

What historical tragedy is noted in the text to illustrate the impact of social class on life chances? A. the terrorist attacks of 9/11 B. the assassination of John Kennedy C. the sinking of the Titanic D. the sniper attacks in the Washington DC area

C. the sinking of the Titanic

In a society based on rational-legal authority, leaders derive their authority from A. custom and accepted practice. B. their exceptional personal or emotional appeal. C. the written rules and regulations of the political system. D. threats to use coercion to impose their will on others.

C. the written rules and regulations of the political system.

In 1971, when there were few opportunities for women to participate in college sports, 300,000 girls participated in high school sports; what was the number as of 2004? A. 600,000 B. 750,000 C. 1.2 million D. 2.6 million

D. 2.6 million

What percentage of the United States is projected to be Hispanic according to Census estimates by the year 2100? A. 100% B. 86% C. 60% D. 33%

D. 33%

The following country country has significant income inequality: A. Brazil B. USA C. Sweden D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The multinational corporation of Walmart made more that the following country: A. Australia B. Denmark C. Chile D. All of these

D. All of these

The world systems analysis is A. Karl Marx's view that the bourgeois nations such as England would dominate the proletariat nations such as India. B. Erving Goffman's view that world peace would result from types of nations interacting with one another. C. Talcott Parson's view that the inequality that exists among nations is necessary for world stability. D. Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.

D. Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.

As described by C. Wright Mills, the "power elite" is A. a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the US. B. all of the mayors, governors, senators, and representatives in the US. C. the group that stands at the top of the power structure in the US. D. a small group leaders who control the fate of the US AND the group that stands at the top of the power structure in the US.

D. a small group leaders who control the fate of the US AND the group that stands at the top of the power structure in the US.

According to the text, which of the following forces is in part responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations? A. the legacy of colonialism B. the advent of multinational corporations C. modernization D. all of these

D. all of these

Social problems associated with China's massive economic growth include A. high injury rates in the workplace. B. high labor turnover. C. pollution and environmental problems. D. all of these

D. all of these

Which of the following is more prevalent in developing nations than in industrialized nations? A. rural population B. deaths of children C. total population D. all of these

D. all of these

Which of the following is true regarding the treatment of women in many different nations? A. denied pay equal to men B. sexually harassed in the workplace C. fired from jobs because they are pregnant D. all of these

D. all of these

Which of the following play an important part in gender-role socialization in the US? A. the mass media B. religious institutions C. educational institutions D. all of these

D. all of these

In a year, Arlie Hochschild concluded women work how much more time compared to men due to the notion of second shift? A. 7 more hours B. 7 more days C. 2 more weeks D. extra month of 24-hour days

D. extra month of 24-hour days

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist

D. feminist

After a dinner-table argument with his grown children, a man changes his position on the issue of immigrant refugees being granted asylum in the US. This would be an example of A. force B. authority C. legitimacy D. influence

D. influence

The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called A. world systems analysis B. developmental theory C. reconstructionism D. modernization

D. modernization

The United States utilizes which type of government? A. democracy B. dictatorship C. oligarchy D. representative democracy

D. representative democracy

Ethnocentrism refers to A. a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. B. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice. C. the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. D. the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

D. the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.