Ch. 8

the human body stores more energy in _________ than in ___________

fat cells ; glycogen stores

after eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint place, triglycerides get absorbed and

-flood into the liver -incorporated into VLDL

which of the following ketone bodies formed nursing ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?

acetone

mitochondria are responsible for

catabolize macronutrients and transfer energy released to ATP

The body gets its energy to perform work from the ______ energy that is stored in macronutrients and alcohol.

chemical

Put the steps of energy production from ATP in order

enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP. ATP molecule loses power. ADP is formed.

true or false: insulin is released in the post-absorptive state

false

__________ ____________ ___________ is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

hormone sensitive lipase

insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key _____________ that direct or regulate metabolic activities

hormones

where is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol? -blood -liver -stomach -small intestine

liver

where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?

liver

the amount of ATP formed by catabolism of an amino acid depends on

where it entered the catabolic pathway

The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are to ______.

- synthesize hormones - create structural molecules - synthesize enzymes

cortisol promotes which or the following actions? -increases glycogensis -increasing use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis -increases protein catabolism

-increasing use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis -increases protein catabolism

what happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out? -the body metabolizes fatty acids -insulin begins to break down protein to convert into glucose -certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose

-the body metabolizes fatty acids -certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose

excess amino acids may be _________ -used to make glucose -stored as protein -oxidized in the citric acid cycle -excreted in the urine

-used to make glucose -oxidized in the citric acid cycle

which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism

B-6

which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes

Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.

when adequate oxygen is present in a cell, mitochondria can make lots of ATP through ___________ metabolism

aerobic

the body can utilize ____ for energy

alcohol, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

metabolic reactions may be __________

anabolic and catabolic

liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to _________, ____________, __________ which are known as ketone bodies

beta hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate acetone

__________________ is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid.

beta oxidation

how much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very low density lipoprotein?

considerable amount

____________ is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.

cortisol

what is the final step of complete glucose breakdown?

electron transport chain

when a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and the the patient is breaking down ________ as an alternative fuel source -alcohol -fatty acids -protein -glucose

fatty acids

metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, _______________, or when the digestive tract is inactive,____________

fed ; fasted

When the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as

gluconeogenesis

oxaloacetate is produced during ___________ metabolism -protein -glucose -fatty acid

glucose

what transports glucose from the blood into the cell?

glucose transport proteins

glucose is stored as ____________ through a pathway called glycogenesis

glycogen

The following is the stages of glucose breakdown in order

glycolysis pyruvate —> acetyl CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain

the conversion of amino acids such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the overall needs of the body and ____________

the specific amino acid

which hormone can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?

thyroid hormone

what is the most energy dense macronutrient group?

triglycerides

which vitamin is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes

vitamin B

beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down __________

fatty acids

the hormone that activate receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is

insulin

____________ ______________ occurs in muscle cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly

insulin resistance

Energy _______ involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol.

metabolism

alcohol is absorbed in the ________ and ________ -large intestine -liver -stomach -small intestine

stomach small intestine

what is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production

-The nitrogen group must be removed. -Pyridoxal phosphate must be available.

which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?

-adipose cells -muscle -liver

which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?

-body composition -physical fitness -dietary intake

order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell

1.triglycerides are circulated in VLDL. 2.lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from 3 fatty acids. 3.triglyceride components enter the cell. 4.three fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule

liver glycogen becomes depleted in an approximate range of _______ - ________ bourse

12 - 24

a standard drink contains _________ grams of alcohol - 9-10 - 13-14 - 5-6 - 21-22

13 - 14

during anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ___________

lactic acid

which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?

lactic acid (lactate)

where does glycogenolysis occurs?

liver and muscle but liver is answer on smart book

When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the ___________ and used to make either glucose of fat.

nitrogen group

___________ is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids.

proteolysis