Ch 8: Joints

Match the following joint types to their characteristics.

1) Sutures - B) bony edges interlocked by short fibers 2) Syndesmoses - E) bones connected exclusively by ligaments 3) Gomphoses - A) "peg-in-socket" fibrous joints 4) Synchondroses - C) bones united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage 5) Symphyses - D) bones united mainly by fibrocartilage Sutures are fibrous joints where bony edges are interlocked by short fibers. Syndesmoses are fibrous joints where bones are connected exclusively by ligaments. Gomphoses are peg-in-socket fibrous joints. Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints in which a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. Symphyses are cartilaginous joints where fibrocartilage unites the bones.

The depth of the socket in a ball-and-socket joint does NOT usually affect joint stability.

False

__________ refers to movement of the radius around the ulna when the palms of the hands are rotated so that the palms are facing upward.

Supination

Extension is the reverse of flexion.

True

Muscle tone is a natural contributor to joint stability.

True

Flattened fibrous sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures are called __________.

bursae

Shrugging one's shoulders primarily involves __________.

elevation and depression Shrugging the shoulders and chewing involve elevation and depression movements. Oppositional movement is used when one touches the thumb to the tips of the fingers of the same hand. Inversion and eversion movements are used to move the sole of the foot medially and laterally. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements allow one to point and flex the toes of the foot. Protraction and retraction movements allow the jaw to jut forward and retract back.

Which of the following is classified as a fibrous joint?

gomphosis Gomphoses are fibrous joints. Symphyses and synchondroses are cartilaginous joints. Pivot joints are classified as synovial joints.

The presence of uric acid crystals in the joints is a hallmark of __________.

gout Gout is characterized by uric acid crystals in the joints. Tendonitis is an inflammation of tendon sheaths. Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursae. Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease.

Which of the following is a condylar joint?

knuckle joint, where the phalanges attach to the metacarpals

The role of synovial fluid is to __________.

lubricate joints

The term nonaxial movement means __________.

slipping movements only Joints that allow only slipping movements are said to exhibit nonaxial movement. Uniaxial movement is characterized by movement in one plane. Biaxial movement means that there are two planes of movement. Multiaxial movement is movement in or around all three planes.

The oblique popliteal ligament __________.

stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint The oblique popliteal ligament stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint. The patellar ligament connects the kneecap (patella) to the tibia; the patellar ligament can be tapped to generate a knee-jerk reflex. The fibular and tibial collateral ligaments are critical in preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended. The anterior cruciate ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur and checks hyperextension of the knee.

Which of the following is NOT a synovial joint?

suture joint Structurally, synovial joints are similar; however, they can be further classified based on the movements they allow. The six major categories of synovial joints are: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

All joints of the limbs are classified as ______ joints.

synovial All joints of the limbs and most joints of the body are synovial joints.

Chewing involves the __________ joint.

temporomandibular

Which of the following contributes to instability of the shoulder joint?

the small size of the glenoid cavity compared to the head of the humerus In the shoulder joint, stability has been compromised for increased range of motion. The main contributor to instability of the shoulder joint is the shallow glenoid cavity. This cavity is only about one-third the size of the large head of the humerus. The ligaments and tendons of the joint are the primary contributors to joint stability. In particular, the glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments help to stabilize the shoulder joint.