ch 8
_____ are the norms that cause us to regulate how we express our emotions.
Display rules
_____ theory proposes that behavior is motivated by a desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
Drive
_____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose.
Insulin
Which statement BEST reflects the nature of hunger and eating?
It is a complex matter, influenced by many factors.
According to the psychologist named _____, there is a pyramid of human needs, such that the most basic physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become active.
Maslow
_____ is the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that one experiences following a meal.
Satiation
_____ theory was developed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan and posits that people are actively growth oriented; they move toward a unified sense of self and integration with others.
Self-determination
As Jeri approaches the week before midterms, she starts canceling social plans and begins spending all of her time in the library, sometimes even forgetting to eat or sleep in order to prepare for the exams. Which characteristic of motivation is Jeri showing?
intensity
When one increases the amount of effort expended to achieve a goal, one is demonstrating the characteristic of motivation called:
intensity.
The dimension of emotion known as _____ reflects the idea that some emotions result from one's social connections and interactions.
interpersonal engagement
Ozzie spent his freshman year trying to decide whether to become an accountant or a nurse. Although he knows that he will not make as much money as a nurse, he has finally decided to pursue this path because he finds the work inherently satisfying, enjoyable, and challenging. His motivation to become a nurse is:
intrinsic
People work MOST hard to achieve a goal when they are:
intrinsically motivated.
When a Jeff works hardest to achieve a goal, it is most likely that he is:
intrinsically motivated.
Adipose tissue secretes the hormone:
leptin
The arousal of the sympathetic nervous system is a result of the activation of the brain's fear circuits, including the hypothalamus and the:
medulla.
Zelda is reading a popular book on how to lose weight. She is surprised to learn that there are physiological reasons for why it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight. She learns that as caloric intake is reduced and fat cells begin to shrink, a person's body actively defends against weight loss by decreasing both _____ rate and _____.
metabolism; energy level
The _____ was created by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray. It consists of a series of ambiguous pictures, about which the person being tested makes up stories that are coded to measure different motivational themes.
Thematic Apperception Test
Maslow includes "realism and acceptance" as one of his characteristics of self-actualized people. This characteristic can be described as having:
an accurate perception of oneself.
All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for:
esteem
Maria has satisfied all of her basic biological needs and her safety and belongingness needs. According to Maslow, Maria would next be focused on meeting her _____ needs.
esteem
We can see instinct theory reflected in the _____ perspective.
evolutionary
It has been suggested that raised eyebrows are universally associated with a surprised expression because they effectively widen the eyes to enhance the perception of unexpected-and possibly dangerous--circumstances. This idea BEST illustrates the:
evolutionary perspective.
Men and women differ little in the _____ of emotions, but they do differ in the _____ of emotions.
experience; expression
The key difference between autonomy in Deci and Ryan's model and autonomy in Maslow's model is that Maslow stressed the need to feel:
independent and focused on one's own potential.
When a bird migrates, we understand it is an innate behavior pattern. According to _____ theory, the human equivalent of this inborn motivation is due to evolutionary programming.
instinct
When a person is born with a motivation due to evolutionary programming, it is said to be a(n):
instinct
Secreted by the pancreas, the hormone _____ helps control blood levels of glucose and promotes the uptake of glucose by the muscles and other body tissues.
insulin
Two-thirds of the body's energy is used for:
essential life functions.
The instantaneous and automatic fear response experienced when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the:
amygdala
_____ developed a model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy physiological needs first and then move on to "higher" psychological needs.
Abraham Maslow
A model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy physiological needs first before moving on to "higher" psychological needs was developed by:
Abraham Maslow.
_____ published The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872.
Charles Darwin
_____ is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.
Ghrelin
_____ is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.
Ghrelin
When people diet and lose weight what happens to ghrelin?
Ghrelin levels increase.
_____ is the view that behavior is motivated by the pull toward external goals such as rewards.
Incentive
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, which is the correct sequence of events when a truck careens directly at a person?
The person sees the oncoming truck; the heart pounds and, simultaneously the arousal is cognitively labeled; then the person experiences fear.
Which statement is true?
What people eat is strongly influenced by culture.
The desire to direct one's behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task is known as:
achievement motivation.
Although the instinct theory fell out of favor, psychologists still:
acknowledge some behaviors are innate.
The initiation or production of behavior associated with motivation is also known as:
activation
Jennalyn is so motivated to become a nurse that she decided to attend an accelerated nursing program and is working diligently to get through it. Her behavior shows evidence of the three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation, which are:
activation, persistence, and intensity.
Americans are more likely than Japanese to:
allow their facial expressions to openly display their feelings.
Instead of BMI, some researchers prefer to use waist circumference because it indicates the:
amount of abdominal fat.
The _____ is the primary brain structure responsible for conditioning based on fearful or anxiety-inducing stimuli.
amygdala
The brain structure that plays a key role in the emotional response of fear in humans is the:
amygdala
The _____ theory of motivation is based on levels of stimulation.
arousal
The _____ theory of motivation is based on the observation that people find both very high levels of stimulation and very low levels of stimulation quite unpleasant.
arousal
The theory of motivation that best explains a desire to seek out novel experiences for their own sake is the _____ theory.
arousal
The theory of motivation that best explains sensation-seeking behavior such as riding roller coasters is the _____ theory.
arousal
The theory of motivation that best explains why people look for a quiet corner for a break from a noisy conference is the _____ theory.
arousal
Stacey is walking alone to her car one night and is approached by a hooded stranger looking for directions. Her heart begins to race and her blood pressure surges. Stacey has experienced the fight-or-flight response, activated by the sympathetic branch of her:
autonomic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is a branch of the:
autonomic nervous system.
When the brain detects changes in insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, and other internal signals, it causes food intake and _____ metabolism rate to adjust to promote or hinder weight gain.
basal
BMR, or the rate at which the body uses energy for vital body functions, stands for:
basal metabolic rate.
Nuam is consulting a nutritionist about her weight. After being weighed and having her vitals taken, the nutritionist asks her for her average body weight. This is also known as her:
baseline body weight.
Maurice has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now he feels he needs to find a soul-mate, or even a close friend or two, with whom he can share his life. According to Maslow, what is motivating Maurice?
belongingness and love needs
Jerry is a skilled engineer, yet he has trouble holding down a job. In his performance evaluations, it is often mentioned that he has difficulty resolving conflicts and functioning as part of a team. It is MOST likely that Jerry lacks:
emotional intelligence.
The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available is called the _____ effect.
cafeteria diet
A hormone called _____ or _____ sensitizes receptors in the stomach that communicate information about fullness to the brain.
cholecystokinin; CCK
Whether one feels angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether one attributes the poor grade to an unfair test or to one's own lack of academic ability. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by:
cognitive appraisals.
When fat stores shrink, leptin levels _____, and eating behavior _____.
decrease; increases
Increased levels of insulin result in:
decreased appetite and weight.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system:
decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.
When leptin levels increase, food intake ____ and fat stores ____.
decreases; shrink
In brain-imaging studies by Damasio and others, it has been shown that each emotion involves _____ neural circuits in the brain.
distinct
One shortcoming of the instinct theory of motivation is that it:
does not explain human behaviors; it simply names them.
The neurotransmitter _____ may play a role in obesity due to the rewarding effects some people experience from overeating.
dopamine
A(n) _____ theory asserts behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
drive
When a person is really hungry, it is difficult to think about anything else or do anything except seek food. The psychologists Robert S. Woodworth and Clark L. Hull might argue that a person's motivation to find something to eat is due to the _____ to reduce a state of internal tension.
drive
Which regulatory process, along with a healthy diet and exercise, helps to maintain baseline body weight?
energy homeostasis
When Kerry studies hard for an exam in order to earn a high grades and keep her scholarship, she exhibits:
extrinsic motivation.
Also called "the hunger hormone," _____ has been shown to strongly stimulate appetite.
ghrelin
Jamal has recently noticed that he does not have very much energy. When he goes to the doctor, he is told that his blood sugar, or _____, is low.
glucose
Based on what is known about basic emotions and facial expressions, one can expect that when someone smiles at a member of a tribe met in the depths of a rain forest, the person will most likely think the person is:
happy
Hercule is a healthy male. His blood sugar has dropped slightly. He is driving through the Gobi desert with no food in the car and a little over an hour before he comes to any place to obtain food. One can predict that:
his blood sugar will return to baseline, and he won't feel as hungry in an hour.
After years of trying to manipulate her calorie intake and body weight, Laurel noticed over time that she experienced _____, such that her body weight remained stable as the number of calories she consumed began to match the number of calories she expended for energy.
homeostatic balance
According to set-point theory, the brain and body defends an optimal weight by directly regulating _____ and _____.
hunger; metabolism.
The brain's receptor sites for leptin are located in the:
hypothalamus
A(n)_____ is a "pull" toward external goals that motivates behavior.
incentive
Bob smells coffee brewing in the morning, and it is the only reason he is willing to get out of bed. In this situation, the coffee is a(n):
incentive
Carmella does not enjoy her job, but she shows up every day because she wants her paycheck at the end of every week. The theory of motivation that best explains Carmella's behavior is _____ theory.
incentive
One of the differences between an "emotion" and a "mood" is that an emotion is MORE likely to:
motivate a person to take some sort of action.
The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior are also known as:
motivation
Well-documented internal signals discovered over the past decade that help maintain stable body weight over the long term include:
neuropeptide Y.
A BMI of 30 or greater and a high proportion of body fat are present in people who are:
obese
When Todd continues his efforts to achieve a goal over a period of time despite obstacles he encounters, he is demonstrating the motivational characteristic of:
persistence
Hector is working on his doctoral degree. Due to being blind, he has faced many challenges in the doctoral program, but he has never wavered in his determination to accomplish his goal. Hector is demonstrating the motivational characteristic of:
persistence.
Levels of leptin and body fat are _____ correlated.
positively
Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. Which set BEST describes these three components?
pounding heart, increased pace, sense of fear
One may think of drive theory as a(n) _____ toward specific behaviors, and incentive theory as a _____ toward reinforcements.
push; pull
The taste of food can be considered a:
reinforcing stimulus.
The self-determination theory of motivation defines _____ as an innate and universal psychological need to feel attached to others and experience a sense of belongingness, security, and intimacy.
relatedness
Once Juanita begins eating, her glucose levels will:
return to baseline even before the food is digested.
According to Maslow's hierarchy, a person who is open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others is displaying:
self-actualization.
At this point in his life, Eugene believes that he is fully using his talents, capacities, and potentialities. According to Maslow, Eugene has achieved:
self-actualization.
When an intense emotion triggers the fight-or-flight response, biological changes are initiated by the:
sympathetic nervous system.
An assessment used to study a person's need for achievement that consists of various pictures for which the participant makes up stories is:
the Thematic Apperception Test.
Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by:
the need for self-actualization.
When Gregory's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the physiological changes as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is best understood in terms of the:
two-factor theory.
Also known as yo-yo dieting, this challenge to maintaining weight loss occurs because the human body is much more effective at defending against weight loss than it is at protecting against weight gain.
weight cycling