Ch. 8 Learning Curves

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

anterograde amnesia.

Forgetting can occur:

at any stage of memory.

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory of:

one's first kiss.

A one-hit wonder song popular 5 years ago comes on the radio. "I used to love this song!" Clyde exclaims. "Who sang it?" "Oh! I know! It's . . . it's . . . darn! It's on the tip of my tongue!" Ralph responds. Ralph is experiencing a failure of the memory process called:

retrieval

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:

retrieval cue

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure.

While taking his statistics exam, Charles is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Charles is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.

retrieve

In _____ interference, information learned recently disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

retroactive

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of _____ encoding.

semantic

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

When learning occurs in the Aplysia slug, the slug releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.

serotonin

As one is reading this question right now, one is consciously processing the meaning of the words in _____ memory.

short-term

Our environment often influences us by activating our principles through priming. This process is:

unconscious.

The MOST common response to a traumatic experience involves:

vivid and persistent memories.

According to _____, one reason that people forget is because they are repressing painful memories.

freud

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

_____ is the brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about 3 seconds before fading away.

Echoic memory

According to the textbook discussion about the recovery of repressed memories, which statement is false?

Most psychologists who are experts in memory strongly encourage the use of hypnosis or guided imagery to increase the accuracy of the recovered memories of abuse.

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

Solomon Shereshevskii, a Russian journalist, could remember and recite long strings of digits. When it came to recalling the situations in which he learned the digits, he would:

accurately describe the context in which he learned them.

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus, but also her ____ because of the emotional nature of the event.

amygdala

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____.

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when he is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This likely reflects his _____ memory.

echoic

Carlos can't remember Juan Alvarez's name because he wasn't paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.

encoding

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.

hippocampus

Our unconscious memory of learned skills is known as:

implicit memory.

Our capacity for storing long-term memories is:

limitless

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by an item's _____, produced better recognition.

meaning

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.

misinformation

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. Horribly embarrassed, he asked his friend to never speak of the event. Years later when asked about that event, Aaron doesn't remember that it ever happened. He is exhibiting _____ forgetting.

motivated

"Cat food, cola, toothpaste," Ned's roommate recites items over the phone. Ned throws his books in the back seat and gets into his car. He is supposed to stop at the store on the way home. His roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Ned forgets a couple of things, but he does get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. His memory of these items reflects the _____ effect.

primacy

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell-phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell-phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new cell-phone number is probably caused by:

proactive interference.

A multiple-choice question asks students to select the brain area most involved in emotion from among several possibilities. Such a question is a _____ test of _____ memory.

recognition; explicit

Cory studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French and Cory can't understand a word. A week later after study, she understands and can respond correctly. Cory was able to improve so rapidly due to:

relearning

When people learn something while in one state (for example, when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as _____ memory.

state-dependent

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:

the context in which learning occurred.