ch 8 psych questions

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n):

gradual fading of the physical memory trace.

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of:

hierarchical organization.

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of:

imagination inflation.

Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience best illustrates:

mood-congruent memory.

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates:

repression.

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

retrieval cues.

Studying for your psychology test requires _______________. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the MAN who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience best illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory systems is most important?

working memory

Godden and Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).

___________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

The three steps in memory information processing are:

encoding, storage, retrieval.

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

explicit memory.

Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

flashbulb memories.

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.

Research on memory construction reveals that memories:

reflect a person's biases and assumptions.

Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn on Day 2 because he increased his:

rehearsal time.