Ch 9. Forming and Maintaining Personal Relationships.
T or F: Appearance is one of the four particularly powerful factors that determine interpersonal attraction
True
True or False: Not every relationship goes through Knapp's stages of development in the same way.
True
One dialectical tension found in many relationships is that caused by _______, the desire for disclosure and honesty, and _______, the desire to keep certain facts, thoughts, or ideas to oneself.
openness;closedness
From the perspective of social exchange theory, deciding to maintain a relationship or replace it with an alternative will depend upon
which option you think benefits you the most.
How do online communication behaviors used to develop and sustain relationships compare to those behaviors offline?
They are largely the same
If you and your partner in a close relationship are barely speaking to each other, you are in the ______ stage of relationship dissolution.
stagnating
Which of the following accurately describe the difference between comparison level and comparison level for alternatives?
*Comparison level influences how satisfied you are in a relationship *Comparison level for alternatives influences whether a relationship will last.
Which of the following rewards do social relationship bring?
*Emotional *Material *Health
What is interdependence in a close relationship?
A state in which each person's behavior affect everyone else in the relationship.
Communication behaviors that signal interest in another person are called _______ behaviors.
Approach
If your friend asks you to take her to the airport and you respond by saying, "Of course. That's what best friends are for!," you are displaying __________, a relational maintenance behavior.
Assurances
Match the theory with its explanation of approach behaviors.
Attraction Theory: Approach behaviors are the result of physical, social, and/or task attraction. Uncertainty reduction theory: If approach behaviors result in our finding that we learn negative things about a person, we may still like them more because our uncertainty has been reduced. Predicted outcome value theory: If approach behaviors result in our finding that we learn negative things about a person, we will probably engage in avoidance behaviors because we like the person less.
If you and your partner in a close relationship are taking steps to create a physical and emotion distance from each other, you are in the _______ stage of relationship dissolution.
Avoiding
One reason we form relationship with others is the need to
Belong
In the ___________ stage of relationship dissolution, partners in a close relationship begin to decrease the quality and quantity of their communication with each other.
Circumscribing
Autonomy versus connection, openness versus closeness, and predictability versus novelty are all types of
Dialectical
After first meeting someone, if you find them interesting you may ask questions to determine if you want to continue to get to know them. You are in the _______ stage of relationship formation.
Experimenting
If you meet someone at a party and discover that he grew up in the same small town as you, attended your university, and likes your likes your favorite band, you may be attracted to him. You find him attractive because of what force?
Similarity
Which of the following are theories that help explain how costs and benefits are weighed to decide whether to maintain relationships?
Social exchange theory
One dialectical tension found in many relationships is that caused by __________, the feeling of wanting to be one's own person, and ______, the desire to be close to others.
autonomy;connection
You've met someone, determined that you wanted to know them better, moved from acquaintance to friendship, have a relationship with a strong identity, and are making a public announcement of your commitment. You are in the _________ stage of relationship formation.
bonding
________ is a relational maintenance behavior, such as being friendly, cheerful, smiling, and expressing affection and appreciation.
positivity
We want to get acquainted with someone who looks attractive to us because we are very
visual
Which of the following are types of emotional rewards our relationships provide to us?
emotional support & happiness
A lack of strong, positive relationships presents ______ risk of premature death.
increased
Mark Knapp's fourth stage of formation is ______.
integrating
When Erin first began dating Rodolfo, she liked that he held doors for her, pulled out her chair at the table, and hailed cabs when they were out as a couple. After a few months, however, she finds this behavior to be controlling. What has Erin experienced?
The shift from a benefit to a cost
We often find social _______ in people who are similar to us, such as people who share our hobbies, reading habits, musical tastes, and so on.
Validation
When comparing the costs and rewards of a relationship, social exchange theory tells us you will ultimately rely on what to determine whether to maintain a relationship or replace it with an alternative?
Which option benefits you most.
When comparing the costs and rewards of relationship, equity theory tells us you will ultimately rely on what to determine whether to maintain a relationship or replace it with an alternative?
Which option has an equal ratio of costs and benefits for both you and your partner.
Reizo and Sa'id have lunch in the school commons. I'm performing at open-mic night Thursday," said Sa'id "It's pretty scary." "Don't worry, I'll be there," replies Reizo, "I'm glad you asked. I've been worried that you didn't want to hang out as much." Said replies "I've just been distracted lately. {RELATIONAL MAINTENANCE}
",,,I'll be there,"
Mina and Teji sit together, waiting to take a make-up test in class. {Highlight avoidance behavior}
",,,avoids eye contact"
Azmera {highlight the interdependence }
",,,her absence would upset Gita."
Amera has been Gita's best friend for almost three years and has helped Gita remain sober by attending Gita's group therapy sessions with her twice a month. Azmera feels she wouldn't abandon Gita even if she relapsed into her addiction. Azmera has a two-week trip to Mexico planned for the upcoming month, but is reluctant to go because her absence would upset Gita enormously. {Commitment}
",,,wouldn't abandon Gita"
Kala notices a new student, Tom, in her economics class. She opens the Facebook app on her phone and looks at his profile, but does not friend him. Later she follows him down the hall with a friend, trying to find out who is his social group. She passes him a note at the end of the day but does not sign her name, and at the end of the week she finally asks him out.
"looks at his profile"
Which of the following statement are true about attraction?
*Complementarity is a factor in attraction. *Sometimes opposites attract.
Which of the following characteristics describe the types of social bonds we need?
*Emotionally close *Interactive
Which of the following can affect the process of relationship development
*Individual decisions *The sexual orientation of the partners *Culture
Which of the following statement are true about the concept of comparison level?
*It is influenced by cultural norms *It describes what you will accept even though your needs or expectations have not been met. *It is influenced by relationship experiences
According to Mansson and Myers' research, how do people convey affection to their relational partners online?
*Messaging *Tagging
Which of the following are examples of material rewards that are provided by social relationships?
*Money *Food *Transportation
Which of the following is true about how we form and maintain social bonds?
*We are attracted to some people and not others. *We seek to reduce uncertainty *We weigh costs and benefits in evaluating our relationships.
Which of the following are reasons that we might predict positive outcomes from cultivating a relationship with a new acquaintance?
*We can learn things of interest from him *He is very smart and funny
Which of the following reasons explain why we seek out attractive people?
*We value and appreciate physical attractiveness. *We want to find a suitable mate.
Which of the following are among the stages of relationship development?
*initiating *experimenting *intensifying *integrating *bonding
Place the stages of Mark Knapp's process of relationship dissolution in order from first to last.
1.) differentiating 2.) circumscribing 3.) stagnating 4.) avoiding 5.) terminating
Match the strategy of managing dialectal tension to its proper descriptor.
Balance: trying to compromise between the two opposing forces of a tension Integration: Trying to develop behaviors that will satisfy both sides of a tension simultaneously. Recalibration: reframing a tension so that the contradiction between opposing needs disappears Reaffirmation: embracing dialectical tensions as a normal part of life.
Your realistic expectation of what you want and think you deserve from a relationship is your _________ level.
Comparison
Jamelia has been in a relationship with Horus for a year. She thinks Horus is nice, but believes that she could date someone with a better job and sunnier outlook than him. Jamelia's thoughts in this case demonstrate her ________.
Comparison level for alternatives
According to the principle of _______, we are sometimes attracted to people who have qualities we lack.
Complementarity
It's very likely that, at some point in your life, you have had a friend ask you for help when moving to a new home or for a ride to the airport. These are two examples of the ______ of relationships.
Costs
If you check out someone's info on Facebook without their knowledge, you're engaging in ________
Creeping
Categorize the following physical traits as either primarily cultural (preferred by some cultures but not by others) versus cross-cultural (generally preferred around the world).
Cultural: *Thin bodies, especially for women *Overweight bodies, especially for women *Artificially elongated necks *Very small feet, especially for women Cross-Cultural: *Symmetrical bodies *Symmetrical facial features *Proportional facial features *women who appear healthy and young *Men who look powerful
Bianca and Arnav recently moved in together. (Highlight the Under-benefitted)
Cut the lawn alone
Match the strategy of managing dialectical tension to its proper descriptor.
Denial: responding to only one side of the tension and ignoring the other Disorientation: escaping the tension entirely by ending the relationship Alternation: going back and forth between the two sides of a tension Segmentation: dealing with one side of a tension in some aspects of one's relationships, and dealing with the other side of the tension using other aspects.
How does dependence differ from interdependence in a relationship?
Dependence involves one person's reliance on another whereas interdependence involves at two people's reliance on each other.
In close relationships, conflicts between two important but opposing needs or desires are called
Dialectical Tensions
In the _______ stage of relationship dissolution, people begin to see differences as undesirable or annoying.
Differentiating
Place the following examples into their proper category of commitment.
Emotional Commitment: *You listen to your little brother's complaints about high school, even though you think they're not very important. *You support your best friend's weight-loss goals even though you don't think he needs to lose weight. Social Commitment: *You attend your partner's company holiday party even though you don't know any of the other attendees. *You praise your sister's musical talent whenever possible, even if you think she could use improvement. Financial and legal Commitment: *You contribute some money, along with other family members, to have your elderly grandfather's bathroom remodeled so that it is wheelchair-accessible. *You work an extra job to makes sure your children have adequate winter clothing.
According to the ________ theory, if your costs are greater than your partner's, but you receive the same level of benefit, you will not want to maintain the relationship.
Equity
Mark Knapp's first stage in relationship formation is ________.
Initiating
Humans have a(n) ________ motivation toward social relationships.
Innate
Mark Knapp's third stage in relationship formation is ___________.
Intensifying
What type of strategy works best to reduce uncertainty in forming relationships online?
Interactive
Any force that draws people together in the process of forming relationship is called
Interpersonal attraction
Mateo makes an effort to leave work early so he can see his girlfriend's improv performance every Thursday afternoon. Mateo has demonstrated __________ in this relation ship.
Investment
Match the type of commitment with its example
Legal and financial commitment: Parents' responsibility to provide food, clothing, and shelter for their children Emotional commitment: Your friend's commitment to support your pursuit of an art degree, even though she thinks you're wasting your money and time. Social commitment: Your commitment to going to your partner's parents' house for Hanukah even though you don't particularly like them
The relational _______ behaviors theory explains how we maintain relationships through certain behaviors.
Maintenance
Allan is a soldier deployed to a remote outpost in a mountainous region and rarely has an opportunity for much interaction with other people. Over time, he begins to suffer both physically and emotionally from the isolation. Allan's reaction would seem to validate Roy Baumeister's _________ theory.
Need to belong
Which of the following is the primary relationship maintenance behavior that includes emotional disclosure?
Openness
Which dialectal tension is particularly found in online relationships?
Openness versus closedness
Creeping is a(n) _______ strategy for online uncertainty reduction.
Passive
Match the qualities that are especially powerful in interpersonal attraction with their proper definition.
Personal appearance: a person's physical attractiveness Proximity: how closely together people live or work and how often they interact. Similarity: The degree to which people have shared backgrounds, experiences, beliefs, and interests Complementarity: the degree to which we find people's differences to be beneficial to ourselves because they provide a quality we lack.
Match the type of attraction with its proper definition.
Physical attraction: being drawn to someone because of his or her looks. Social attraction: being attracted to someone's personality. Task attraction: being attracted to someone's abilities and dependability.
Based on the predicted outcome value theory, if we learn things that we like about a person we have just met, we will project ______ outcomes for the relationship.
Positive
Online social networking is one of the _______ contexts for relationship development and maintenance today.
Primary
______, how close people live or work and how often they interact, is a powerful influence on attraction.
Proximity
Nuno finds that the more time he spends with his best friend Holly, the less stressed out the feels, confirming one of the two main health benefits to friendships described by the text. The other would be confirmed if Holly helped Nuno _______.
Quit smoking
According to Berger and Calabrese's theory, if you meet a new person, you will be motivated to _______ your uncertainty about that person by getting to know them better.
Reduce
Sharing ________ is a relational maintenance behavior.
Tasks
If you and your partner in a close relationship have made some sort of public announcement that your relationship is over, you are in the __________ stage of relationship dissolution.
Terminating
The relational ______ behaviors theory explains how we maintain relationships through certain behaviors.
maintenance
Sharing social ________ is a relationship maintenance behavior
networks
According to the predicted outcome value theory, if our first meeting with someone is _________, we will probably get to know the person better. If, however, our first meeting is _________. we will probably reduce our communication or avoid the person altogether.
positive and negative
One dialectical tension found in many relationships is that caused by _________, the desire for consistency and stability, and ______, the desire for fresh, new experiences.
predictability;novelty
The social exchange theory maintains that people seek to maintain relationship in which
the benefits outweigh the costs.
