Ch. 9 Immune system
d. antibiotics
1 medication against??? No, they can only work for bacteria
b. AIDS
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Infection occurs by HIV Transmission by bodily fluids
Briefly describe the following Immune deficiency disorders/diseases a. SCID
(severe combined immunodeficiency disease) Rare inherited disorder Person produces too few lymphocytes Can't be with the rest of the world
What are Lymphocytes and what is their general function?
-The main warriors of white blood cells -They go after pathogens -Mediates immune response -Produced by mitosis of stem cells in bone marrow -Two types B cells and T cells -Maturation:circulation in blood and found in lymph vessels/organs
MHC proteins
-major histocompatibility complex -unique surface proteins on your cells -immune system recognizes as "self" Example: transplant, matching the same surface structures, able to take that organ in because it comes from a relative and has the same surface structure.
What is another name for the body's specific response to infection?
Immune Response/system: Recognize and target specific pathogen Has a "memory" component to remember the pathogen Protects entire body: immunity not limited to site of infection Can distinguish between: self- vs. Non-self, healthy vs. Unhealthy (needs to distinguish what belongs to you or not) Takes time to work the first time a foreign antigen is recognized by the immune system!
b. autoimmune disorders
Immune system fails to recognize "self" from "forign" Own cells may be targeted Autoimmune diseases -Multiple sclerosis -Lupus -Juvenile diabetes (type 1) -Rheumatoid arthritis
c. monoclonal antibodies
Lab-prepared antibodies for a single type of antigen
3rd line of defense:
Looks at each pathogen, analyzes it, it makes orisinal that is deadly to that pathogen, it takes time and energy to do it
Helper T cells:
Main warriors, great communicator cells Stimulate other immune cells (to get to work such as other T cells and B cells) HIV destroys T- Cell
Where do you find mature/functioning lymphocytes?
Maturation:circulation in blood and found in lymph vessels/organs
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms (small organism) that cause disease or cell death (not all microorganisms are pathogens)
antigens
Molecules (look foreign) that provoke an immune response Antibody generator
Name and briefly explain other non-specific (2nd line of defense) mechanisms are used to help combat pathogens (Natural Killer Cells, Complement, Interferon, Fever)
Natural killer cells: White blood cells- destroy Recognize: Tumor cells Virus infected cells Release chemical- destroy cell membranes Complement system: Complement proteins form complexes to create holes in bacteria Interferon: Proteins released by infected cell (chemical signal and sends chemical message to fellow cells, warning chemical message) Bind to healthy cells Healthy cells make proteins that interfere with viral protein synthesis Fever: Certain white blood cells release chemicals in response to pathogens (tell the hypothalamus...) Hypothalamus resets the thermostat to a higher temperature... Inhospitable to pathogens (may slow down pathogens, may stop it) Don't want it to be too high can be dangerous to cell Increases metabolic rate of body cells (increases your body metabolism)
Spleen
Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells
b. passive immunization
Preparation of antibodies
Where are they produced by mitosis?
Produced by mitosis of stem cells in the bone marrow
What are antigen receptors?
Proteins produced by B&T lymphocytes Found on surface of these cells Capable of binding ONE specific type of antigen (these are the same as antibodies in B cells)
Memory T cells
Reactivate during later exposures
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) a.k.a. erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh Incompatibility between mother and fetus Mom is Rh- Fetus is Rh+ (Two or more subsequent pregnancies) Results in HDN - Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Aka - Erythroblastosis fetalis Mom was given Rh antibody preparation (Rhogam) within 72 hours of 1st delivery. Inactivates immune response before antibodies can be produced.
Suppressor T cells
Suppresses immune response after antigen has been destroyed
Describe T cells and where they mature
T cells: cell- mediated immunity Where they mature- lymphocytes that mature in the Thymus gland Attack foreign cells directly or enhance immune response Need to be Activated by APC's (Antigen Presenting Cells)
What are antibodies and how do they help to defeat a pathogen?
They are Y-shaped immune proteins produced by B-cells that bind to forign antigens to help inactivate them.
Describe how the inflammatory response helps to block the spread of infectious agents. (Include: histamines, what happens to blood vessels, and phagocytes)
Tissue is injured, the injured cells are going to release a chemical signal and its going to simulate mast cells, then the mast cells are going to release another chemical singal called histamines, which the hisstamines are going to dilate (bigger, become leaky) blodd vessels in the injured area, so it can bring more blood to the injured area. If you bring more blood to the injured are you can bring more white cells called phagocytes and the WBC's squeeze through vessels, and we hope that phagocytes gobble up and consume bacteria cells. Tissue then becomes healed.
Describe the following "Medical Assistance" with respect to aid in defending the body against certain pathogens: a. Active Immunization
Vaccines (weakened or killed by pathogens) Giving the immune system preview so that you produce memory cells against something that is not harming you in the first place but you are ready just in case you see it again.
What are some other methods used to prevent entry into the body (especially around orifices)?
Vomiting, urination, defecation Resident bacteria- keep bad things out
How many different kinds do we make?
We have hundreds of millions of different kinds of antigen receptors on different B&T cells These can recognize virtually any kind of antigen we would ever encounter
describe how/why the following conditions normally occur when the skin surface has been breached: redness, warmth, swelling and pain.
When you dilate the blood vessels you bring more blood to the area so a injured area which cause Redness: There is more blood from those dilated blood from those blood vessels Warmth: because there is more blood distributing body heat Swelling: if you are bringing more blood, you are bringing more blood plasma background fluid which leaks out into the tissue and the area become swollen from the extra fluid in the area Pain: the extra fluid is going to press on nerve ending and become very painful
lymphatic vessels
large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes
thymus gland
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin
Name some categories of pathogens that try to breach our defenses. (also: Name a couple of specific disease and the pathogen that causes it.)
nvade or poison living cells Some release enzymes or toxins Some enter cells and consume raw material Examples: Bacteria: Lyme disease Can cause rash Viruses: Small infectious agents Canot sythesize own proteins(going to use your ribsomomes to make the protein) , grow or reproduce on their own ( need living cells) Infect living cells, use host cell to reproduce Non-living? - not living because they can't do the upper things Example: herpes virus, influenza virus, polio virus, HIV Prions: Infection proteins Example: mad-cow disease Fungi: Example: athletes foot, thrush Protozoans: Single cell animal like organisms, often found water that isn't clean if you drink it you will come in with diarea, this is called Giardia. Another one is Trypanosoma, attack red blood cells, not getting enough to tissues, feel really tired
tonsils and adenoids
protect the entry into the respiratory system
What is meant by Immunological Memory and how does it work (include how is immunological memory involved with the 1st and 2nd exposure and some reference to time)
1st exposure response: For example B cells are going to activate divide and plasma cells are going to produce antibodies and after weeks they increase in numbers. Antibodies peak 2 weeks. You get better and the antibodies decrease. 2nd exposure response: Let's say you get exposed again, the memory cells work faster and within a couple of days your antibodies immune response to antigen is going to increase, so you don't get sick.
What two major blood groups (antigens) did we study?
30 known antigens of blood cells (mostly surface proteins) Body can recognize "self" from "foreign" ABO system Rh system: Rh + - can make Rh antigen Rh - - cannot make Rh antigen
1st line of defense
skin and mucous membranes
How do processes involved in antibody-mediated immunity (like agglutination or neutralization) help get rid of pathogens?
All end the same way: phagocytosis Antigens are good for finding and binding but don't destroy. Neutralization occurs when antibodies bind to antigen, blocking there activities making them harmless Agglutination traps microbes and makes it easy for macrophages to capture them and dispose of them
What do they do?
Antigen receptors bind to only one type of antigen (which can provoke B-Cells) Unique surface structures that are found on mature B cells and T cells
What areas of the body are more susceptible to infectious agents getting inside?
tears, salvia, earwax Mucus, cilia Digestive and vaginal acids-femeal reproductive system ears, cuts, burns- larger area so more dangerous
Assume a foreign pathogen enters the body. Describe how antibody-mediated immunity works (use at least the following terms: mature (but inactive) B cells, antigen receptors, clones, plasma cells, antibodies, memory cells)
B cells travel to lymph modes, spleen tonsils etc. Remain inactive until they encounter a forien cell (antigen) When the B-cell gets provoked by an antigen , the b-cell decides to make a clone of itself (clonal selection) because it needs to get rid of the pathogens that invaded the body. These clones are going to go into two different categories called memory cells, which are going to be ready in case the pathogen ever shows up again. The other clones are called plasma cells, they are the ones that are going to work hard when you're sick and they will produce antibodies in response to the unknown antigen. When the antigen is found the antibodies don't destroy it they stick to it and call in other white blood cells to gobble them up called macrophage (phagocyte).
Describe B cells and where they mature
B cells: are antibody-mediated immunity Found: mature in bone marrow Then they develop unique surface receptors. (Antigen receptors) Protects primarily against viruses/bacteria in body fluids B cells secrete antibodies into blood Also called: Humoral immunity
Name the two basic types of lymphocytes
B-cells T-cells Only B cells produce antibodies not T cells
lymph nodes
Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation
1st line of defense: Why is the skin a good physical/chemical barrier to pathogens?
Because when pathogens gets on your skin it would have to get down all the way to the dead skin layers, but since your skin sheds the pathogens will get shed too. It is also really thick skin barrier into body
describe the difference between clones, plasma cells, and memory B cells
Clones: When b cells decide to make a clone of itself (clonal selection) because it needs to get rid of the pathogens that invaded the body. these clones are going to go into two different categories called memory cells and plasma cells Plasma cells (effector cells) Short lived cells Produce antibodies in response to foreign antigen (making Y shape antibodies that correspond to a antigen) Memory cells (just incase you see that pathogen again) Long live cells Inactive cells, created from 1st exposure to antigen Capable of rapid immune response after 2nd exposure
Compare the health risk of the cold virus vs. HIV with respect to the above criteria.
Cold Virus: Easy to transmit Being near someone who has it, casual contact Not deadly, Low virulence HIV: Not easy Body fluid, blood contact Deadly, High virulence
Name the function/location of the following lymphatic structures:
Defends body against infection Help maintain blood volume Transport fats from digestive system
What is the overall function of the body' s immune system?
Defense of body against infectious agents
Name and explain the three criteria used to assess the health risk of pathogens?
Depends upon: Transmissibility- easy to transfer to person to person or an atomic object to other person Mode of transmission- how does it transmit Virulence: how deadly the pathogen is
Cytotoxic T cells
Destroy infected, cancerous or transplanted cells 1. Cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cell 2.Perforin makes holes in infected cell's plasma membrane 3. Other proteins enter target cell through hole created by protein 4. Infected cell is destroyed
2nd line of defense
Don't target specific pathogens Block spread throught body Non- specific mechanisms Phagocytes: White blood cells Destory foregin cells through a process called phagocytosis, takes things into cell body and destroy it
Describe the following inappropriate Immune responses: a. allergies
Hypersensitive response to an allergen (body acting like pathogen is a bad thing) (inappropriate b/c allergen is not pathogenic) Body behaves as if allergen is a pathogen (inflammatory response)
(Be able to follow the Powerpoint slides that walk you through the activation of Helper-T cells, B cells, Cytotoxic T cells)
If a foreign antigens enters your body the macrophages gobble them up and strip antigens off and present them outward and they become an antigen presenting cell (APC), they go around and go "hey anybody recognize this" and there has to be one the helper t cell that recognizes the APC, then eventually it does and it's going to stimulate one helper t cell, then it's going to divide over and over and make a whole army of cells, then you also want to make memory helper T-cells. Then the helper T cells have to do their job, and their job is to communicate. So then it's going to communicate with B cells by chemically stimulating certain B cells, then it's going to stimulate certain B cells to divide and divide and divide etc... which can also be activated by antigen directly but if the B cell accidentally counters a helper t cell. The B cell will then clone itself then its going to make two categories such as, plasma cells which are going to make Y shape antibodies and memory B cells, which is going to seek out antigens and find and bind and call over macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells can be stimulated chemically by helper T cells or you can have an APC of an infected cell that would also stimulate the cytotoxic T cells. After the activation it's going to divide, divide, divide and clone itself, and it goes into two categories: memory T cells and active cytotoxic T cells which are going to produce performance when they find those affected cells and destroy them. If you get a second exposure to the antigen, the memory helper T cells are going to be able to produce such a rapid response that even though you have the antigen in your body again, you will not get sick again.
