Ch. 9 Learnsmart 2
femoral neck
A "fractured hip" is usually a fracture of the ______ _______.
synovial
A _______ joint has a fluid-filled joint cavity between articulating surfaces of the bones.
bursa
A fibrous saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is on the outside of the joint to protect from friction is called a ________.
fibrous
A joint in which articulating bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue is classified as a _______ joint.
third
A level system in which the effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance is a _______ class.
elongated; fulcrum
A lever is a(n) _____ object that rotates around a point called a(n) ______.
acromioclavicular
A shoulder separation is the dislocation of the _____ joint.
condylar
A(n) ____ joint is shown here in the figure and labeled A.
articular disc
An _____ ______ partitions the sternoclavicular joint into two separate synovial cavities, increasing the mobility of the joint.
synchondrosis
An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called a ____.
depression
An example of ______ is moving the mandible to open the mouth.
gomphosis
An orthodontist would work on which joints?
symphysis
Arrow is pointing at what joint?
flexion
Bending your arm at the elbow is an example of _______.
flexion
Bending your fingers toward your palm to make a fist is an example of _______.
Syndesmosis
Between radius and ulna
True
Bone are said to articulate with each other at a joint.
Gomphosis
Braces on this joint place mechanical stress on the osteoblasts and osteoclasts to modify the alveolus. Name the joint.
nervous system
By monitoring stretch at a joint, the _____ _____ can detect changes in our posture and adjust body movements.
between the tibia and fibula between the radius and ulna
Choose where the syndesmoses are found in the body.
sternoclavicular
Circle indicates what joint?
Suture
Connects skull bones
costochondral
Costochondritis is caused by inflammation of the ___ joints, and results in localized chest pain.
temporomandibular
Damage to the _______ joint may include headaches and sinus pressure.
Flexion Extension Hyperextension Lateral flexion
Decrease angle between bones Increase angle between bones Extension continues past the anatomic position Vertebral column moves laterally
tendon sheaths
Digital ___ ____ are shown here in the figure and are indicated with the letter B.
tendon sheaths
Digital ______ _______ are shown here in the figure and are indicated with the letter B.
Heel is lower than toes
Dorsiflexion
stiffness swelling pain
Each form of arthritis presents the same symptoms, which are _______.
Soles turn outward
Eversion
symphysis
Fibrocartilage of a _____ resists compression and acts as a shock absorber.
False
First and third class lever systems are found in the body in roughly equal numbers. T/F
Fulcrum between load and effort.
First class
Gomphosis
Holds teeth in their sockets
amphiarthrotic
How are syndesmoses classified in terms of mobility?
synarthrosis
How is a gomphosis characterized, in terms of movement?
a: medial epicondyle of humerus b: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Identify letters A and B on the figure. This is an anterior view of the right elbow joint.
second
If the point of resistance in a lever system is between the fulcrum and the point of effort, then the lever system is classified as ____ class.
second
Imagine a brick is sitting in the middle of a long board. You lift up one end of the board and allow the other end to pivot on the ground as you lift. You are lifting the brick using a ____ class lever system.
Synarthrosis
Immobile Joint
eversion
In ________, the sole of the foot turns to face laterally.
gliding
In a ________ motion, the angle between the bones does not change and only limited movement is possible in any direction.
effort arm
In a lever system, the distance between the fulcrum and the location of the applied force is known as the _______.
articular cartilage
In synovial joints, the bone surfaces are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the _______.
synarthroses
In terms of mobility, immobile joints are classified as ________.
first
In the body, the atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum of a ______ class lever system.
fibrocartilage
In the pubic symphysis, the two pubic bones are joined by a pad of __________.
the ligament is very strong medial blows to the knee are rare
Injury to the fibular collateral ligament is fairly rare because
Soles turn inward
Inversion
B,A
Inversion is shown by letter ____ and eversion is shown by letter _____.
saddle
Joint shown by letter A?
glenohumeral
Joints associated with movement of the shoulder include the sternoclavicular joint, the acromioclavicular joint, and the ______ joint.
hyperextension; flexion
Letter A represents _____ and letter B represents _____.
dorsiflexion
Letter A?
medial meniscus
Letter A?
joint cavity
Letter B is pointing to the ____ ____ which contains synovial fluid.
lesser trochanter
Letter B?
styloid process
Letter B?
direction of applied force distance moved speed of movement
Levers have the ability to alter which of the following?
1 2 3 4
Match the type of joints on the left with their relative mobility on the right with 1 being least mobile and 4 being most mobile. Plane Condylar Saddle Ball and Socket
Synchondroses
Most costochondral joints between the ribs and the costal cartilage are classified as what type of joints?
shoulder
Most mobile joint?
synovial
Of the three major types of joints, the _______ joints are freely movable articulations and are classified as diarthorsis.
capitulum, head
One part of the elbow joint is the humeroradial joint where the ____ of the humerus articulates with the ____ of the radius.
ulna, trochlea
One part of the elbow joint is where the trochlear notch of the ______ articulates with the _______ of the humerus.
articular cartilage
Osteoarthritis is termed "wear and tear arthritis" and is especially painful because bone rubs against bones as the ____ breaks down first.
Heel is higher than toes
Plantar flexion
costcochondritis
Repeated coughing or overexertion during exercise may cause ________, resulting in localized chest pain.
Smaller force always balances a larger weight
Second class
lateral flexion extension flexion
Select all that are movements allowed in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column.
intertarsal joint intercarpal joint
Select any examples of a plane joint.
abducted
Shoulder separations usually occur when a fully ______ humerus is struck hard.
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint
False
T/F Elastic cartilage is found in cartilaginous joints
True
T/F If you sit down and extend your leg at the knee, the weight of your leg acts as the resistance in a third class lever system.
true
T/F In a shoulder separation, the acromion will appear unusually prominent.
false
T/F Tendons help stabilize joints because they form part of the synovial joint itself.
hyperextended
The ACL can be injured when the leg is _____.
True
The ACL is rather weak compared to the other knee ligaments. T/F
fibrous
The ___ layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.
retinacular fibers
The ____ _____ reflect around the neck of the femur to provide additional stability to the hip joint capsule.
PCL
The _____ becomes taut when it is flexed and prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint.
sensory nerves
The ______ ______ detect painful stimuli in the joint and report the amount of movement in the joint.
cruciate
The ______ ligaments of the knee, cross each other in the form of an X.
temporomandibular
The _______ joint is the only mobile joint between skull bones.
acromioclavicular coracoclavicular
The acromioclavicular joint is strengthened by two ligaments, the _______ ligament, and the _________ ligament.
synovial
The articulation between the sternum and the costal cartilage of ribs 2-7 is not a synchondrosis, it is a _____ joint.
pivot
The atlantoaxial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae is classified as a _______ joint.
saddle
The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is an example of a ____ joint.
pubic joint
The cartilaginous joint between the two pubic bones is called the ______ _______
head, acetabulum
The coxal joint is the articulation between the ______ of the femur and the ______ of the os coxae
medial
The deltoid ligament is also called the _____ ligament.
abduction
The figure exhibits
ball-and-socket
The glenohumeral joint is a _____ joint which is the most unstable joint in the body and one of the most frequently dislocated.
glenoid cavity
The glenohumeral joint is between the head of the humerus and the ______ of the scapula.
coxal
The hip joint is also called the ______ joint.
less
The hip joint is more stable and ______ mobile than the glenohumeral joint because it supports the body weight.
synovial membrane
The joint capsule has an inner layer called the ______.
tibiofemoral
The knee has two articulations, the ________ joint and the patellofemoral joint.
fibular collateral
The ligament on the lateral side of the knee is called the ____ ligament.
tibial collateral
The ligament that supports the knee on the medial side is called the ______ ligament.
over-inversion
The most common type of ankle sprain is due to ______
osteoarthritis
The most common type of arthritis is ______.
third
The most common type of lever system in the body is the _____ class lever system.
styloid process
The name of the structure indicated by letter B is the ______ ______
supination
The palm of the hand is turning from a posterior position to an anterior position.
patellofemoral
The patella moves along the patellar surface of the femur in the _____ joint.
first
The picture represents a ____ class lever system.
joint
The place of contact between bone and cartilage or between bones and other bones is called a ________
acrominoclavicular
The plane joint between the acromion and the lateral end of the clavicle is the _______.
biomechanics
The practice of applying mechanical principles to biology is known as _______.
articular cartilage
The repetitious compression/relaxation that occurs during exercise is vital for maintaining healthy _____, which covers the ends of the articulating bones in a synovial joint.
subscapularis and teres minor supraspinatus and infraspinatus
The rotator cuff muscles include ________.
gases
The sounds of cracking or popping knuckles is due to _____ dissolved in the fluid coming out of solution and forming bubbles.
18-25
The spheno-occipital synchondrosis fuses between ___ and ___ years of age, making it a useful tool for assessing the age of the skull.
occipital, sphenoid
The spheno-occipital synchondrosis is found between the _____ and the _____ bone.
saddle
The sternoclavicular joint is between the sternal end of the clavicle, the manubrium of the sternum, and the first costal cartilage is a _______ type of synovial joint.
saddle
The sternoclavicular joint is what type of joint?
elevation
The superior movement of the mandible while closing the mouth is an example if ________.
articular disc
The temporomandibular joint has an ______ ______, a thick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and dividing the joint cavity into two separate chambers.
abducted
The tibial collateral ligament is frequently injured when the leg is forcibly _____ at the knee.
lateral
The very thin ankle ligament that prevents over-inversion of the foot that is prone to sprains and tears is the _____ ligament.
mobility, stability
There is a "trade off" between _____ and _____ in every joint.
Effort arm always shorter than resistance arm
Third class
posterior drawer test
To test for PCL injury, a physician gently pushes on the tibia while the knee is flexed. This is commonly called a _____ _____ _____ and too much posterior movement indicates a PCL tear.
synovial fluid
What acts as a shock absorber when synovial joints are moving and pressure in the joint increases?
supination
What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm anteriorly?
fused
When bones have completely ____ across the suture line, what used to be sutures are now called synostoses.
synostoses
When bones have completely fused across the suture line, what used to be sutures are now called ________.
True
When the epiphyseal plate closes, a synchondrosis no longer exists. T/F
ACL
When the knee is extended, the _____ is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension.
abduction
When the thumb moves away from the palmer surface of the tip of the fingers, the movement is referred to as ______.
opposition
When the thumb moves toward the tips of the fingers as it crosses the palm of the hand it is called _______.
flexion
When you raise your arm anteriorly, it is called ________ of the shoulder.
third
When you squeeze a pair of tweezers, you are applying effort to a _______ class lever system.
second
When you stand on tip-toe, the distal ends of the metatarsals acts as the fulcrum in a ______ class lever system.
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone
Where do you find synchondroses that are specific only to children?
Glenohumeral joint Hip joint
Which are classified as a ball-and-socket joint?
glenohumeral elbow knee joint
Which are classified as synovial joints?
elbow joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joints
Which are examples of hinge joints?
Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus
Which are injured in the "unhappy triad" of knee injuries
The bony surfaces of the elbow interlock very well The articular capsule is thick
Which are reason for the high stability of the elbow joint?
The effort arm is always longer than resistance arm A small force balances a larger resistance
Which are true of a second class lever systems?
Between talus and fibula Between tibia and talus
Which articulations are found in the talocrurual (ankle) joint?
syndesmoses
Which is a joint in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue?
epiphyseal plate
Which is a location of a synchondrosis?
Joint between two pubic bones
Which is categorized as a symphysis?
Fulcrum between point of effort and point of resistance Effort arm and resistance arm may be same length
Which is true of a first class level system?
A
Which joint has a gliding motion where two articular surfaces slide past each other?
syndesmosis
Which joint is shown here?
sutures
Which joints are synostoses that have distinct, interlocking, usually irregular edges that increase their strength?
B
Which letter is pointing to the periodontal membrane
syndesmosis
Which type of joint would one find between the radius and the ulna?
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage
Which type(s) of cartilage can be found in cartilaginous joints?
supination
____ is shown in the figure. The palm of the hand is turning from a posterior position to an anterior position.
Fat pads
_____ ______ are often found distributed along the periphery of synovial joints and acts as packing material to provide protections for the joint.
supination
_____ occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.
Bursae
______ are designed to alleviate the friction resulting from various body movements.
sutures
______ are immobile (synarthrotic) fibrous joints that are found between the bones of the skull.
Rheumatoid
______ arthritis is an autoimmune disorder.
synovial fluid
_______ ________ nourishes the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint.
plantar
_______ flexion occurs when a ballerina stands on her tiptoes.
flexion
_______ is movement in an anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between the articulating bones.
extension
_______ is movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones.
Abduction
_______ means to "move away" and is a lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline.
adduction
_______ means to "move toward" and is the medial movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
lateral
_______ rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerous laterally.
Tendons
________ are composed of dense regular connective tissue and attach muscles to bones.
Ligaments
________ connect bones together and reinforce most synovial joints.
hyperextension
________ is the extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees.
dorsiflexion
________ occurs when the ankle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and toes moves toward the leg.
circumduction
_________ is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of the appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion.
circumduction
a continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession.
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
a: coracoacromial ligament b: coracohumeral ligament c: glenohumeral ligament
label the shoulder joint
abduction
movement of a bone away from the midline
adduction
movement of a bone toward the midline
elevation
superior movement of a body part
