CH 9 smartbook

Vroom's expectancy theory states that ______.

motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it

An assumption made by a Theory X manager about people is that ______.

people have little ambition

Water, food, shelter, and clothing are essential for life and are considered _____ needs by Maslow.

physiological

The original intent of the Hawthorne studies was to conduct a study to correlate physical conditions in the workplace--such as the level of lighting--with worker's ______.

productivity

The need to protect yourself from physical and economic harm fits the _____ need category, according to Maslow.

security

When two people do what is traditionally one job, it is called job ____.

sharing

Herzberg's hygiene factors relate to

the work setting.

True or false: Employees are motivated by the nature of the relationships they have with their supervisors, by the nature of their jobs, and by the characteristics of the organization.

true

Job enlargement is a job design strategy:

where more tasks are added to a job

The Hawthorne studies were originally designed to study the relationship between ______.

workplace conditions and productivity

Marissa would prefer a flexible scheduling strategy for her job as a designer at an advertising agency. Which of these would provide her with that?

A compressed workweek

Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start at all. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "goal" in this scenario?

Having selected a new vehicle that he now owns

In his classical theory of motivation, Frederick Taylor proposed two things that he thought would improve worker productivity. What were they?

Linking pay to output Job specialization

Why should managers be concerned with the study of human relations?

Positive interpersonal relationships among employees are related to high morale and motivation in the workplace. Motivated employees achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. Effectively motivating employees keeps them engaged in their work.

_____ is a management philosophy that emphasizes employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Theory Z

B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who developed behavior modification, theory found that behavior that is ______ will tend to be increased, whereas behavior that is ______ will tend to be eliminated.

rewarded; punished

Job ____ involves moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating. (Enter one word in the blank)

rotation

Job ____ is extremely useful in situations where a person is being trained for a position that requires an understanding of various units in an organization.

rotation

Reinforcement theory is associated with which of these processes?

Behavior modification

Choose three benefits associated with flextime scheduling strategies.

Better customer service due to increased hours of coverage Better utilization of facilities Better recruitment and retention of workers

What theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain fairness or balance between inputs and outputs as compared to others in similar positions?

Equity

Which theory states that goals act as motivators to focus employee efforts on achieving certain performance outcomes?

Goal-setting theory

Goal-setting theory assumes what three things?

Goals direct employee efforts toward an outcome. Goals help employees develop consistent behavior patterns. Goals act as motivators.

What are three organizational outcomes of high morale?

High returns to stakeholders High levels of productivity High employee loyalty

Which area of the organizational environment seeks to understand what motivates employees to perform on the job?

Human relations

What are two most likely outcomes of job rotation?

Increased motivation Reduced boredom

Having a sense of personal satisfaction after completing a big project at work refers to what type of reward?

Intrinsic

Based on Herzberg's theory, which element is a hygiene factor?

Job security

According to Herzberg, hygiene factors at work would include which two items?

Job security Good working conditions

Jack has elderly parents he needs to care for and he would like to cut his hours down to half-time. Which flexible scheduling strategy might work for Jack?

Job sharing

Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start at all. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "need" in this scenario?

Requiring a car for work and not having one that functions

____ is an inner drive that directs a person's behavior toward goals.

Motivation

What are two assumptions about people made by Theory X managers?

People prefer to avoid work. People must be forced to work.

According to Maslow, which need level refers to things essential to survival, such as water, food, and shelter?

Physiological needs

Job enrichment incorporates which three motivational factors into the design of the job?

Recognition Advancement Achievement

Which motivation theory suggests that money is the sole motivator for workers?

The classical theory

What is an example of security need?

The need for health insurance

Allowing workers to work full-time hours in fewer than five days is called ______.

a compressed workweek

The definition of flextime is _______.

a program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, provided that they are at work during a specified core period

The idea that managers can change employee behavior by administering consequences related to the employee's actions is called ______.

behavior modification

Lee works 40 hours per week, typically working 10 hours per day Monday through Thursday, and has a three-day weekend. Lee works a(n) ______ workweek.

compressed

According to William Ouchi, Theory Z is a management philosophy that stresses ______.

employee participation in decision-making

job ____ adds more tasks to a job instead of treating each task as separate. (Enter one word in the blank)

enlargement

Job _____ incorporates opportunities for achievement, recognition, and responsibility into a job, giving workers not only more tasks, but more control and authority over the job.

enrichment

____ theory states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.

equity

The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by ______.

expectations of achieving a desirable outcome

Benefits and/or recognition that you receive from someone else such as a bonus or award certificate is a(n) ______ reward.

extrinsic

Something given to you by someone else in recognition of good work is referred to as a(n) ______.

extrinsic reward

Compressed workweeks, job sharing, part-time work, and telecommuting are all ____ scheduling strategies.

flexible

A program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are at work during a specified core period is called ______.

flextime

______ has benefits for both companies and employees in that it increases a company's ability to recruit and retain workers and allows employees to balance work and home life by allowing them to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are there during a specified core period.

flextime

Managers who strive to understand how to boost workplace morale, maximize productivity, and motivate employees to be more effective are concerned with the study of ______.

human relations

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings is referred to as _____.

human relations

The rationale behind job enlargement is that jobs are more interesting and satisfying as the number of tasks performed by an individual _____.

increases

The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals refers to a(n) ______ reward.

intrinsic

The job design strategy that involves adding more tasks to a job is called _____.

job enlargement

Ann works as a receptionist for a large company. Since the job is fairly repetitive, Ann gets bored easily. Her company recently offered Ann the opportunity to cycle through other departments in administrative jobs so she can learn new skills related to the other departments. This is an example of

job rotation

An employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues is referred to as that employee's ______.

morale

An inner drive that causes humans to act, whether it is eating to reduce hunger or studying for an exam to get a good grade is referred to as ______.

motivation

One tool managers can use to foster employee loyalty and boost productivity is ____.

motivation

A ____ is the difference between an actual state and a desired state.

need