Ch 9 - Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sources

When to paraphrase

Paraphrase when you want to communicate the key points discussed in a source - particularly a complex or complicated passage - in clear, accessible language. Paraphrasing Sources: Do: - Convey the source's ideas fully and accurately - Use your own words and phrasing - Conveying the emphasis of the original - Simplify and clarify complex language and syntax - Put any words borrowed from the source in quotation marks. - include documentation Do Not: - Use the exact words or phrasing of your source (unless you are quoting) - Include your own analysis or opinions - Argue with or contradict your source - Wander from the topic of the source.

when to quote

Quote a source's words only in the following situations: - Quote when your source's words are distinctive or memorable - Quote when your source's words are so direct and concise that a paraphrase would be awkward or wordy - Quote when your source's words add authority or credibility to your arrangement (for example, when your source is a well-known expert on your topic). - Quote an opposing point when you will go on to refute it Quoting Sources: Do: - Enclose borrowed words in quotation marks - Quote accurately - Include documentation Do not: - Quote out of context - Distort the source's meaning - Include too many quotations

when to summarize

Summarize when you want to give readers a general sense of a passage's main idea or a source's position on an issue. Summarizing Sources: Do: - convey the main idea of the original passage - Be concise - Use your own original words and phrasing - Place any words borrowed from your source in quotation marks. - Include documentation Do not: - Include your own analysis or opinion - Include digressions - Argue with your source - Use your source's syntax or phrasing (unless you are quoting).

quote

When you quote words from a source, you need to quote accurately - that is, every word and every punctuation mark in your quotation must match the source exactly. - You also need to be sure that your quotation conveys the meaning its author intended and that you are not distorting the meaning by quoting out of context or by omitting an essential part of the passage you are quoting.

identifying tag (also known as signal phrase)

a phrase that identifies the source, and always follow them with documentation. - this practice helps readers identify the boundaries between your own ideas and those of your sources.

distorting quotations

be careful not to distort a source's meaning when you add, change, or delete words from a quotation. In the following example, the writer intentionally deletes material from the original quotation that would weaken his argument. Original quotation: "This incident is by no means an isolated one. Connecticut authorities are investigating reports that seven girls were sexually assaulted by older men the met om MySpace"(Beware") Distorted: "This incident is by no means an isolated one. [In fact,] seven girls were actually assaulted by older men they met on MySpace" (Beware")

Synthesis

in a synthesis, you combine summary, paraphrase, and a quotation from several sources with your own ideas to support your own ideas to support an original conclusion. - A synthesis sometimes identifies similarity and differences among ideas, indicating where sources agree and disagree and how they support or challenge one another's ideas. - transitional words and phrases identify points of similarity (also, like, similarly, and so on) or difference (however, in contrast, and so on). - When you write a synthesis, you include identifying tags and parenthetical documentation to identify each piece of information you get from a source and to distinguish your source's ideas from one another and from your own ideas.

summary

restates the main idea of a passage (or even of an entire book or article) in concise terms. - Because a summary does not cover the examples or explanations in the source, and because it omits the original source's rhetorical strategies and stylistic characteristics, it is always much shorter than the original. - Usually, in fact, it consists of just a sentence or two.

Plagerism

the use of the words or ideas of another person without attributing them to their rightful author.

Working quotations into your sentences

1.) Adding or Changing Words - When you add or change words in a quotation, use brackets to indicate your edits. 2.) Deleting Words - When you delete words from a quotation, use ellipses-three spaced periods(...)-to indicate your edits. However, never use ellipses to indicate a depletion at the beginning of a quotation.

4 places when using identifying tags (signal phrases)

1.) Summary with identifying tag 2.) Identifying tag at the beginning 3.) Identifying in the middle 4.) Identify at the end

paraphrase

A paraphrase is different from a summary. While a summary gives a general overview of the original, a paraphrase presents the source's ideas in detail, including its main idea, its key supporting points, and perhaps even its examples. - for this reason, a paraphrase is longer than a summary. In fact, it may be as long as the original.

templates for using identifying tags

For summaries or paraphrases: 1.) [name of writer] -notes/ acknowledges / proposes/ -that [summary or paraphrase] 2) The writer -suggests/ believes/ observes/ -that [summary or paraphrase] 3) The article -explains/ comments/ warns/ -that [summary or paraphrase] 4) The essay -reports/ points out/ predicts/ implies/ concludes/ states/ -that [summary or paraphrase] For Quotations: 1.) As [name of writer] -notes,/ acknowledges, / proposes, -"____________[quotation]____________" 2.) As the writer -suggests, /believes, /observes, -"____________[quotation]____________" 3.) As the article -warns, /reports, /concludes, -"____________[quotation]____________" 4.) As the essay -predicts, /implies, /concludes, /states, / explains, -"____________[quotation]____________"