Ch. 9: The Industrial Revolution

union

A workers association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions.

What did the Industrial Revolution lead to?

Advances in society and technology.

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital. The people control the economy and what is bought and sold.

"Wealth of Nations"

Book written by Adam Smith, modern economics, (Father of Capitalism), defending his idea of a free economy, or free market. Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.

How did Adam Smith think poverty could be cured?

By the government leaving businesses alone.

Child Labor

CHEAP LABOR- Children as young as six or seven years had to work. The conditions were horrible and unsafe.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

What are the four factors of production?

Entrepreneurship, natural resources, labor, and capital.

Enclosure Movement

Forced farmers to move to cities as Rich landowners bought their land for enclosures.

What was the textile industry like before the Industrial Revolution?

Goods were made by cottage industries which were family run businesses. They were hand made and expensive.

The machinery of the Industrial Revolution was revolutionary, Why?

James Watt improved the Industrial Revolution by creating a power source with water, creating energy to drive the pistons of the steam engine, this improves transporting on the water by making it quicker and cheaper. More profits for the owners.

The Factory Act of 1832

Parliament agrees to make it illegal to hire children under 9 yrs old; 9-12 could not work more than 8 hours a day; 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Adam Smith

(1776) wrote "Wealth of Nations".

Name two of the ways women fought for change during the Industrial Revolution?

They fought for the abolition (end) of slavery. They also began the long fight for Women's Rights.

What did factory owners do to make a lot of money?

They were always looking for ways to cut costs of production and increase profits.

Why was England the center of the Industrial Revolution?

They were rich in natural resources needed to build and transport manufactured goods, excess capital and a large labor pool.

Agricultural revolution

Time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

What is manufacturing?

Turning raw materials into goods that can be sold for a profit.

What is a factory?

Where production was centralized into one building.

Edward Jenner

1976 credited for development of smallpox vaccine. ( One of the first major public health discoveries).

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines.

corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

Textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making cloth

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the Cotton Gin

Henry Bessemer

An Englishman developed a cheap and efficient method of making steel

Urbanization

Growth of cities, and movement of people from rural areas to cities.

laissez faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Karl Marx

Introduces the world to Marxism, theories of socialism and the inevitable revolt of the working class. Author of "The Communist Manifesto".

James Hargreaves

Invented the Spinning Jenny around 1705.

Richard Arkwright

Invented the Water Frame

What was the "foundation" of the Industrial Revolution?

Iron

The Ten Hours Act of 1847

Limits the workday to 10 hours for women and children working in factories.

Factories

Many machines set up in large buildings where people went to work. A method of production that brought many workers and machines together.

Factory system

Method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, employees followed rules and regulations and became used to working regular hours and worked simple tasks over and over again.

What was the major problem caused by urbanization?

Overcrowding and pollution.

Cottage industry

People/families worked out of their farmhouses, working by had to create textiles for sale.

Enclosures

Rich landowners buy up farms connecting them together and use productive farming methods to increase agricultural crops over large areas of land, bought from farmers nearby and increased profits for the wealthy landowners.

Crop Rotation

Rotating what is planted in each section yearly to increase output, and allows the land to re-generate. (Get the nutrients back in the soil)

middle-class

Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers.

Entrepreneur

Someone who takes on all the financial risks of a business. They risk their time and money to start and manage businesses.

What new machines and ideas became popular during the Industrial Revolution?

Steam Engine, Steamboat, Railroads, Textiles, Interchange, Mass, Canal.

What industry experienced the Industrial Revolution first?

Textile Industry

What forced the small farmers to move closer to cities and jobs.

The Enclosure Movement

What was the "fuel" of the Industrial Revolution?

Coal

What was the fuel of the Industrial Revolution?

Coal

Samuel Compton

Combined the Spinning Jenny with the Water Frame and called it the Spinning Mule in 1779.

What is an Industrial Factory?

Chief means of organizing labor around the new machines.

Industrial Revolution

The increased output of machine made goods that began in England during the 18th Century.