Ch10 Human Body Endocrine

What is a target cell?

A cell that has a receptor with binding sites for a specific hormone

Select the characteristics of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

A hormone that controls thyroid gland secretions A hormone that is regulated by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) A hormone produced in the anterior pituitary

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of hormones from the cortical portion of the adrenal gland is (abbreviation for the hormone).

ACTH

Two hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. They are released into the bloodstream in response to nerve impulses coming from the hypothalamus. These hormones are ___ and oxytocin.

ADH

Glands that contain tubes or ducts are called glands. Glands that are ductless and releases their secretions into the bloodstream are glands.

Blank 1: exocrine Blank 2: endocrine

The pituitary gland is connected to the by the short stalk of tissue and it lies in a depression of the bone.

Blank 1: hypothalamus Blank 2: sphenoid

The organ system that produces fast-acting effects is the system, whereas the one that produces longer-lasting effects is the system.

Blank 1: nervous Blank 2: endocrine

The endocrine gland indicated by a letter "A" is the gland. The endocrine glands indicated by a letter "B" are the glands.

Blank 1: thyroid Blank 2: parathyroid

Which of the following are components of the endocrine system?

Cells, tissues and organs that are collectively called glands, and the hormones they secrete

Which of the following best describes a disease resulting from an abnormal glucose metabolism and hyposecretion or inaction of insulin?

Diabetes mellitus

is an autoimmune disorder that affects pancreatic cells halting insulin secretion. It usually appears before age twenty. The treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet.

Diabetes mellitus type 1

Which two of the following organ systems function in coordination to control body functions and maintain homeostasis?

Endocrine Nervous

The ovaries and testes are targets of which of the following anterior pituitary hormones?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

When the body senses danger, nerve impulses to the in the brain trigger physiological responses that preserve homeostasis.

Hypothalamus

Identify the causes of diabetes mellitus.

Inability of cells to recognize insulin Hyposecretion of insulin

Which of the following are functions of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

Increase the rate of metabolism Promote protein synthesis Enhance neuron function

Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another?

Insulin and glucagon

Which of the following are essential to cells in the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

Iodine salts

Which of the following is the role of prolactin (PRL)?

It sustains milk production after giving birth.

____ in males stimulates the secretion of testosterone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Indicate which of the following are the gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which mechanism(s) take(s) place when blood glucose is high?

Pancreatic cells secrete Insulin Insulin promotes movement of glucose into certain cells Insulin stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose

Identify the gland of the endocrine system that is located in a depression of the sphenoid bone and is attached to the hypothalamus.

Pituitary

Which of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?

Sex hormones Aldosterone Cortisol

Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates cells to enlarge and divide more frequently Stimulates and sustains milk production Controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland In females stimulates development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries, stimulates estrogen production; in males stimulates development of sperm cells Promotes secretion of sex hormones; plays role in releasing egg from ovary in females Controls secretion of various hormones from adrenal cortex

What are the main roles of testosterone in males?

Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics. Stimulates maturity of the male sex organs.

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland is ___.

TSH

The gland indicated by an arrow in the picture, which lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs is the

Testosterone

Which of the following are characteristics of endocrine glands?

They are ductless. They secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

The hormones that are the major factors determining how many calories the body must consume at rest (basal metabolic rate) are ___.

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Which of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 1?

Treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet. Pancreatic cells are affected by an autoimmune mechanism.

True or false: Certain glands of the digestive tract are also components of the endocrine system.

True

The adrenal medulla hormones include epinephrine, also called ___, and norepinephrine, also called ___.

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Cortisol secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ___ from the anterior pituitary gland.

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The hormone ___, which is secreted by the adrenal ___, causes the kidney to conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions and indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure.

aldosterone; cortex

The pancreas is ___.

an elongated organ connected to the digestive system through a duct.

Which of the following glands secretes ACTH?

anterior pituitary

The pineal gland is located ___.

between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper portion of the thalamus

The first messenger nonsteroid hormone ___.

binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane

The hormone that lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting the bone-reabsorbing activity of osteoclasts and by increasing excretion of calcium and phosphate ions in the kidney is

calcitonin

The opposite effects of ___ (secreted by the thyroid gland) and ___ (secreted by the parathyroid gland) maintain calcium ion homeostasis.

calcitonin; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Non steroid hormones usually bind to receptors on the ___.

cell membrane

The endocrine system communicates using ___

chemical signals called hormones

Aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones (androgens) are secreted from the adrenal layer of the adrenal glands.

cortex

A negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland controls the secretion of the hormone called

cortisol

The role of calcitonin is to ___.

decrease blood calcium concentration

Which of the following systems uses hormones as a primary means of communication?

endocrine

The primary female sex hormones secreted by developing ovarian follicles are

estrogen

As a group, the hormones that promote maturation of female sexual characteristics are ___.

estrogens

True or false: Homeostasis is usually achieved by hormone secretion regulated by a positive feedback mechanism.

false

A nonsteroid hormone that binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane is the messenger.

first

The endocrine system includes:

glands that secrete hormones

The pancreatic hormone that stimulates an increase in blood glucose levels is

glucagon

Insulin and glucagon function in coordination to maintain a relatively stable blood concentration.

glucose

Based on the site of their target cells, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are referred to as a type of hormone called a

gonadotropins

hormone is released by the anterior pituitary; it stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis and causes bone elongation.

growth

Substances secreted by endocrine glands which diffuse into the blood and eventually act on target cells are

hormones

An excessive production of insulin may lead to a condition of low blood sugar called

hypoglycemia

Releasing hormones of the control secretions from the following anterior pituitary hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

hypothalamus

The ______ controls the response to stress in order to maintain homeostasis by initiating hormonal signals and neural signals.

hypothalamus

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the _______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream.

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

As hormone levels ___ in the blood, negative feedback inhibits the system and hormone secretion decreases. As hormone levels ___, inhibition of the system ceases and secretion of that hormone increases again.

increase; decrease

The hormone that lowers blood sugar by stimulating the liver to form glycogen and is the opposite of glucagon is

insulin

The pancreatic hormones and function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism.

insulin glucagon

Calcitonin ___ blood calcium by inhibiting their release from bones and by increasing their rate of deposit in bones; it also increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys.

lowers

Sex hormones produced in the adrenal cortex are of the ______ type, although some can be converted into ______ hormones by the liver, skin and adipose tissue.

male; female

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the adrenal of the adrenal glands.

medulla

Aldosterone is a ___ that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water and to excrete potassium ions.

mineralocorticoid

Steroid hormones ___.

move easily through lipid bilayers of plasma membranes are insoluble in water are soluble in lipids

Hormone levels in the bloodstream remain relatively stable, tending to fluctuate slightly above and below an average value (as it is illustrated by this picture). This is the result of feedback.

negative

Insulin is regulated through a ___ feedback mechanism. When blood glucose is ___, pancreatic cells secrete insulin.

negative; high

Hormones which are not lipid soluble (such as peptides and proteins) and bind to receptors on the target cell membranes are hormones.

nonsteroid, non-steroid, nonsteroidal, or non-steroidal

Hypoglycemia is a condition ___.

of low blood sugar

The hormone _____ causes the contractions of labor.

oxytocin

The hormone that causes contraction of muscles in the uterine wall during childbirth and also ejection of milk from secreting glands in lactating breasts is

oxytocin

The elongated organ that lies within the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach responsible for the secretion of insulin is the ___.

pancreas

The endocrine gland responsible for the body's wake-sleep cycle is the ___ gland

pineal

Glands that are also components of the endocrine system include ___.

pineal gland thymus reproductive organs certain glands of the digestive tract

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a second messenger that induces changes in the cell in response to a hormone (first messenger) binding to a(n) ___.

receptor

A substance such as cAMP that is generated in response to a hormone binding to a cell-surface receptor is called a(n) messenger.

second

Hormones that are soluble in lipids and thus diffuse into cells relatively easily are thyroid hormones and hormones.

steroid

Growth hormone ___.

stimulates cell division is released by the anterior pituitary increases cellular use of fats

Glucagon increases blood glucose because it ___.

stimulates the liver to break down glycogen converts non carbohydrates (i.e. amino acids) into glucose

Cells that have specific receptors and that can respond to a hormone are called cells.

target

Hormones are substances ___.

that act on target cells secreted by endocrine glands

The large endocrine gland that consists of two lobes connected by a broad isthmus, is just below the larynx is the ___ gland.

thyroid

True or false: Iodine is essential to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3).

true

True or false: Sex hormones produced in the adrenal cortex supplement the sex hormones produced by the gonads.

true