Ch10:Sec3:Emotional and Social Dev
mutual attraction--love; dependable character
"____________________" ranked first among marriage criteria across countries, followed by "_______________," "emotional stability and maturity," and "pleasing disposition."
dowry
A third common economic transaction associated with marriage is _______, found in about 10% of cultures that include an economic transaction as part of marriage.
90%
About _____ of people in most societies eventually marry or form another kind of long-term romantic partner
more strongly
According to Cherlin, Americans believe _____________in marriage than people in most other Western countries
gender roles
All cultures have a division of labor and roles by gender, and marriage is a way of uniting people to serves complimentary_____________
communicate
Also important was partners' ability to ___________________effectively with each other around intimacy issues
unhappy marriages
Although being happily married has many benefits, people who are in ____________________are the lowest of all in overall happiness, even compared to people who are separated, divorced, or widowed
30 hours
American adults ages 25-49 watch TV for about ___________ a week, which works out to about 4 hours a day
one third; one forth, 13%
Among American partners who both have less than a high school degree, ___________of marriages end in divorce within 5 years: when partners have a high school degree or some college, the rate is ______; and for couples who both have 4-year college degrees, the rate is just _______.
sexual competition
Another explanation is that marriage reduces ________________and conflict, because it allows people to have socially-approved sexual relations on a regular basis
develop together
Arseth and co concluded that identity sometimes develops prior to intimacy, but they can also _______________and mutually reinforce each other.
marital satisfaction
As a results of all the changes following the birth of a child, ____________often declines--more for women than for men
urban residence and education
Because polygyny is less likely with _________________it may be that Africa continues to develop economically, the custom of polygyny will fade
not diverse
Because the economies in sch cultures are usually __________, there are few "occupations" to choose from.
raising her, her labor
Bride price compensates the bride's family for the expense of ______________ and for the loss of ____________when she leaves to join the husband's family
half
Bride price is the most common form of economic requirement for marriage, found in about _____of the cultures that include economic factors as part of the marriage
romantic love
Combines passion and intimacy, but without commitment. What people mean when they talk about being "in love"
less-educated couples
Conflict over financial issues is a predictor of divorce, so it may be that divorce is more common among_____________________because they make less money and consequently experience greater financial strains.
infidelity; money; excessive
Divorce over this 9-year period was predicted most strongly by _________, disagreements over _________, and _______ drinking or drug use
5-10 years
Divorce risk peaks in young adulthood, ________________after marriage which suggests that the strains of caring for young children may make maintaining marital intimacy more problematic
pragmatic terms
Even in the West, marriage has traditionally been seen in _____________rather than as the uniting of soul mates
career counselors
HOllarnd's ideas have been used by _________________to help adolescents gain insights into the types of fields that might be best for them to pursue
parasite singles
In Japan, the derisive term _________________has been applied to young adults who remain single into their 30s, implying that they are selfish and immature
price, service, and dowry
In about three-quarters of the cultures studied by anthropologists, some kind of explicit economic transaction takes place--these take three forms: bride _________, bride ___________, and _________.
equality
In general, the more gender _________exists in a country, the more similar men and women are in their mate preferences
one child
In most countries about 90% of young adults have at least _______________
identity development
In one study of adolescents and emerging adults, at all ages ________________was a strong predictor of involvement in an intimate romantic relationship
to or more
Increasingly, people have not just one career or occupation, but _______________in the course of their working lives
consummate love
Integrates all three aspects of love into the ultimate love relationship.
20th century
It was not until the ___________ that this pragmatic view of marriage was replaced by an ideal of marriage in which couples devoted themselves to building a close emotional and sexual partnership
similar
Like heterosexuals, they tend to seek out partners who are ____________to themselves in many ways
his or her personality
One of the influences on occupational choice in cultures where people are allowed to choose from a wide range of possible occupations is the individual's judgement of how various occupations would be suited to _______________
54%; 44%l; 6%
Over half (_________) of babies born to the least-educated mothers are born to single mothers, as are _______ of babies of moderately educated mothers, but among highly educated mothers, only _____ are single
decline; recover
Overall, men experience a greater ___________ in functioning than women do following divorce, and take longer to _______________, perhaps because women draw more on social support from family and friends
infant dependency
Perhaps the most compelling explanation is that marriage is necessary for a species like us that has such a long period of ___________________________________
negative outcomes
Remaining single after age 30 predicts a variety of _______________________in comparison to married people, including mental health problems, physical health problems, and substance use
emotional closeness
Research in the West reports that sexual enjoyment in young adult couples promotes as well as reflects _________________in their relationship
triangular theory of love
Sernberg's theory that different types of love involve combining three fundamental qualities in different ways: passion, intimacy, and commitment
1-10%
Surveys across Western countries have found that ___________of adults identify as gay or lesbian
300 years old
The idea that romantic love should be the basis of marriage is only about _______________in the West and is even newer in most of the rest of the world
in forming
The relation between identity and intimacy tends to be more complex for young women than for young men, because they are more likely to take their intimate relationships into account ____________________their personal identity goals.
93% accuracy
The research of Gottman could predict whether or not couples would divorce with ______________, based on partners' responses to questionnaires.
chastity
The sharpest cross-cultural division was on the issue of ____________
steady decline
There is a ______________in marital satisfaction is higher in the first year few years, followed by a plateau and then another decline after 9 or 10 years of marriage
economic asset
Unlike young adults in rural traditional cultures, children are not an ______________________for urban couples
jouvana
Young adulthood is considered to be the life stage of ________, a word that literally means sexually active
socioeconomic
_______________status is also highly important as a risk factor for divorce
fertility
____________is considered the main goal and function of young adult women, and women must have a child to be fully accepted by their husband's family (in rural traditional countries)
expressive divorce
according to Whitehead, the type of divorce common in the West today, in which people expect marriage to fulfill their emotional needs for love and intimacy, and they seek a divorce if it ceases to do so
consolidation
age 35 and up. occupational development means continuing to gin expertise and seeking advancement into higher status positions as expertise grows
crystallization
ages 14 to 18. initial stages where adolescents begin to consider how their talents and interests match up with the occupational possibilities available to them
specification
ages 18 to 21. occupational choices become more focused. Making this choice usually involves beginning to pursue the education or training required to obtain the desired occupation
implementation
ages 21 to 24. involves completing the education or training that began in the specification stage and entering the job itself--may mean reconciliation with any discrepancies between what they would like to do and what is available in the work world.
stabilization
ages 25 to 35. young adults establish themselves in their careers
companionate love
combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion. Could also be applied to unusually close friendships, as well as to close family relationships
empty love
commitment alone, without passion or intimacy.
bride price
economic requirement for marriage that involves a substantial gift of money or property from the groom and his kin to the bride and her kin
intimacy
feelings of closeness and emotional attachment--includes mutual understanding, mutual support, and open communication
enterprising
high in verbal abilities, social skills, and leadership skills best job: sales, politics, management, running a business
social
high in verbal skills and social skills best jobs: teaching, social work, and counseling
intellectual
high on conceptual and theoretical thinking, low on social skills best jobs: research in math and science
conventional
high on following directions carefully, dislike of unstructured activities best job: bank teller, secretary
realistic
high physical strength, practical approach to problem solving, and low social understanding. best jobs: farming, truck driving, and construction
intimacy vs isolation
in Erikson's life-span theory, the central emotional and psychosocial issue of young adulthood, in which the challenge is to unite the newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, intimate relationship
liking
intimacy alone, without passion or commitment. Characterizes most friendships.
artistic
introspective, imaginative, sensitive, unconventional best job: painting or writing fiction
passion
involves physical attraction and sexual desire
bride service
martial arrangement in which the groom is obligated to work for the bride's family for a designated period before and/or after the marriage
fatuous love
means "silly" or "foolish"; involves passion and commitment without intimacy. This kind would apply to a "whirlwind" courtships
singlism
negative stereotypes of single persons that lead to them being discriminated against and treated dismissively
infatuation
passion alone, without intimacy or commitment; involves a great deal of physiological and emotional arousal, and a heightened level of sexual drive
peak early
passion tends to ____________ in a relationship and then fade
good financial prospects
ranked low in reasons for marriage
second shift
term for the domestic work that women must perform after they complete their shift in the work place
commitmenet
the pledge to love someone over the long run, through the ups and downs that are often part of love---what sustains a long-term relationship through fluctuations in passion and intimacy
shared roles and responsibilities
when couples are happier if they share responsibilities for family duties such as housework and child care
realistic expectations
when couples are happier with each other if they go into marriage with a realistic view of what will be involved and a minimum of myths about married life
shared interests
when couples today in the West expect to be leisure companions, and marriages are happier if partners have many of their leisure interests in common
shared power
when spouses in Western marriages today expect to be equal partners, and marital satisfaction tends to be low if one partner attempts to dominate the other