Ch.12: Personality

Freud's theory

- As civilized people, we must control our sexual & aggressive impulses - Leads to anxiety

Personality development

- Core of personality formed before 6 - Series of psychosexual stages - Each stage -- Focus is on different part of body -- Main source of pleasure, frustration, self-expression - Strong conflict during stage > fixation -- Locks person on target of pleasure -- May > adult personality trait

Personality structure

- Dynamic system - Id, ego, superego LOOK ON PPT SLIDE 18!!!

The id

- Made up of innate biological instincts, urges - Self-serving, irrational, impulsive, unconscious - Pleasure principle -- Maximize pleasure, minimize pain

Personality Inventory

- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - Measures 10 major aspects of personality LOOK ON PPT SLIDE 10!!!

Ego protects itself using defense mechanisms

- Repression (underlies all others) - Regression - Reaction formation - Projection - Rationalization - Displacement - Denial

The ego

- The executive - Directs energies from id - Conscious control of personality - Reality principle -- Thinking, planning, problem solving, deciding

Sigmund Freud

- Viennese physician - Unconscious thoughts, needs, emotions often drive actions - Psychodynamic theory

Type A behavior pattern

A cluster of characteristics—such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile—related to the incidence of heart disease.

Type B behavior pattern

A cluster of characteristics—such as being relaxed and easygoing— related to good health.

Rorschach inkblot test

A famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality.

personality

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

subjective well-being

A person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and the individual's evaluation of his or her life in general.

projective test

A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.

empirically keyed test

A type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way.

Major humanistic theorists

Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

Oedipus complex

According to Freud, a boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

reality

According to Freud, the ego works on the ______ principle.

individual psychology

Adler's theory of _________ argued that people are motivated by their desire for perfection

individual psychology

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life.

The Anal Stage

Ages 1 - 3 Focus is toilet training - Child gains approval or expresses rebellion, aggression Harsh, lenient toilet training > anal fixation Anal-retentive personality - Stingy, orderly, compulsively clean Anal-expulsive personality - Disorderly, destructive, cruel

The Phallic Stage

Ages 3 - 6 Child becomes physically attracted to parent of opposite sex - Males - Oedipus complex -- Boy feels rivalry with father for mother's affection -- Boy fears punishment, castration by father -- To ease anxiety, boy identifies with father - Females - Electra complex -- Girl loves father & competes with mother for father's affection -- To ease anxiety, girl identifies with mother

The Latency Stage

Ages 6 - puberty Psychosexual development is dormant

B) lexical

Allport and Odbert (1936) wrote down all the trait terms from two dictionaries in their study of traits. This is known as the _____ approach. A) empirical-keying B) lexical C) factor analysis D) projective

self-report test

Also called an objective test or an inventory, a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

persona

Although he is highly prejudiced against women, Joe makes sure to always speak with women in his office in a friendly way and tries to promote them when possible. Jung would describe Joe's behaviors as the result of his ________ ; one of the archetypes help in the collective unconscious.

Projective tests

Ambiguous Everyone sees something different Can reveal inner workings of personality Rorschach technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - 20 sketches depicting scenes, situations - Make up story

A) it seems like it fits the trait it is supposed to measure.

An item on a personality assessment is high in face validity if A) it seems like it fits the trait it is supposed to measure. B) it can be demonstrated to be related to other reliable measures of personality. C) it provides similar responses over time. D) it is able to successfully differentiate between people who have the trait and those who do not.

A) unconditional positive regard

Carl Rogers believed that a healthy person had which of the following? A) unconditional positive regard B) hardiness C) strong ego defenses D) conditions of worth

A) collective unconscious.

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library, and he is intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the commonalities are there because the story creators were all tapping the A) collective unconscious. B) personal fable. C) imaginary audience. D) personal unconscious.

A) archetypes.

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library, and he is intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the hero, the villain, the wise mentor, the love interest, and the sidekick are all patterns of interpreting experience called A) archetypes. B) object relations. C) psychodynamics. D) mandalas.

C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2).

Dr. Drust asks his client, Nairi, to complete a test that will help him pinpoint the type of depression she has and which personality characteristics may be contributing to her problem. The test consists of 567 true and false questions and addresses attitudes and emotions, behaviors and symptoms, and life history. Dr. Drust has given Nairi the A) Rorschach. B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). D) NEO-PI.

B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Dr. Vartan shows his client Dallas 12 different pictures and asks him to tell a story about each one. When Dallas has looked at all the cards, the two of them review the stories together, looking for recurrent themes. Dallas has just taken the A) Rorschach. B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). D) NEO-PI.

B) neuroticism.

Elijah often worries about his future. He almost always lies awake the night before a test concerned that he will fail. On the rare occasion that he does receive a grade that is lower than the one for which he hoped, he becomes depressed and irritable and usually gets sick. His friends tease him that he takes everything far too seriously, or that he's going to have a nervous breakdown before he reaches 20. Based on this information, and relying on the Five Factor Model, we can say that Elijah would be most likely to score high in A) agreeableness. B) neuroticism. C) openness. D) conscientiousness.

B) ego

Elke lends a friend some money but the friend doesn't pay her back when he said he would. Though Elke feels angry, her mother taught her that it is rude to yell or say anything that might upset someone else, so she pretends she isn't angry and asks the friend to pay her back in a month. Freud would say that Elke's _____ told her she shouldn't show anger towards others. A) id B) ego C) superego D) preconscious

False

Events in our lives are more important predictors of happiness and well-being than are our personalities. A) True B) False

The Oral Stage

First year of life - Infant's pleasure from oral stimulation Overindulgence, deprivation > fixation As adult - Passively dependent - Act tough, use sarcasm - Smoke, eat excessively

Humanism

Focus on human experience, problems, potentials, ideals

Carl Rogers

Focus on subjective human experience Each person has - Innate goodness - Free will Many adult problems - Trying to live by others' standards Positive, negative evaluations by others - Conditions of worth -- Parents qualify love, approval -- Parents label feelings as bad, good -- Directly related to later capacity for self-esteem, positive self-regard - Lead to self-evaluation standards As incongruence of self increases - Tension & anxiety increase

overdetermined

Freud believed that psychological problems were _______ ; in other words, they were caused by multiple unconscious processes.

True

Freud believed that women are morally inferior to men. A) True B) False

superego

Freud considered the _______ to be the psyche's conscience.

Freud's view

Id, ego, superego - Conflicting mental processes - Interconnected in delicate balance of power Behaviors often express unconscious forces - Unconscious holds -- Repressed memories, emotions -- Id's instinctual drives Freudian slip - Feelings, urges slip into behavior in disguised or symbolic form - "Oversleeping" & missing class - "Forgetting" to call your friend

C) id.

If you were to gluttonously eat an entire birthday cake, Freud would say that was caused by your A) superego. B) ego. C) id. D) unconscious thought.

Assessing personality

Interview - Unstructured, intimate -- Person's unique experiences & issues Questionnaire - Measures congruence -- How we see ourselves -- How we actually are -- How we want to be

False

Introverts tend to be just as happy as extraverts. A) True B) False

The superego

Judge, censor of thoughts, actions of ego Conscience - Judges behaviors - When standards not met > guilt Ego ideal - Goals, aspirations - Internalized "parent" - When standards met > pride

archetypes

Jung's term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people.

collective unconscious

Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.

Person you are today

Largely product of choices you've made

cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS)

Mischel's theoretical model for describing that our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior.

To understand behavior

Must learn how person subjectively sees world

A) agreeableness.

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Based on this information and relying on the Five Factor Model, we can say that she would be most likely to score high in A) agreeableness. B) neuroticism. C) openness. D) conscientiousness.

C) Carl Rogers

Of the following theorists, who is NOT associated with psychodynamic theory? A) Sigmund Freud B) Karen Horney C) Carl Rogers D) Carl Jung

True

Optimists tend to be healthier than pessimists. A) True B) False

False

Personalities and traits are the same things. A) True B) False

True

Personality is thought to be comprised of traits. A) True B) False

B) displacement.

Phil's boss called him into her office and told him that he was a bad employee and was going to be fired if he didn't show improvement. Although he wanted to argue that he was a good employee, Phil held his tongue to avoid getting into even more trouble. When he got home his wife apologized for not having dinner ready yet. Phil screams at his wife and tells her she is a bad wife for making him wait for dinner after he was at work all day. Phil's behavior is an example of A) repression. B) displacement. C) fixation. D) sublimation.

The Genital Stage

Puberty Growing capacity for responsible social-sexual relationships Emotion, turmoil of adolescence due to earlier unresolved conflicts

Humanists

Rejected Freudian view of personality - Too negative Rejected behaviorism - Too machine-like Focus - Ways "healthy" people strive for self-determination, self-realization

Abraham Maslow

Researched people living unusually effective lives Found people in all walks could live rich, creative, satisfying lives

unconditional positive regard

Rogers's construct referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior.

True

Self-efficacy can be impacted by behavior. A) True B) False

A) id

Since her physician told Fabienne that she needs to lose weight to improve her health, she has been trying to eat healthily. But every time she goes out to a restaurant, she can't resist ordering several unhealthy desserts. Her friends suggest that she try to eat the foods she craves in moderation, but she tells them that when she sees the sweets she's not "supposed" to eat, she can focus on nothing but how badly she wants them. Freud would say that Fabienne's _____ is encouraging her to overeat certain foods. A) id B) ego C) superego D) preconscious

False

States are more enduring than traits. A) True B) False

defense mechanisms

Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Trait Approach cont.

The Big Five traits - Related to almost any trait - Predict behavior Example - People high in conscientiousness tend to -- Perform well at work -- Do well in school -- Rarely have automobile accidents Nature / nurture - Twin studies -- 25% - 50% of variation in many personality traits due to heredity Each personality unique blend of - Heredity - Environment - Biology - Culture Isabel Briggs Myers & Kathleen Briggs (1987) - Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) -- Tool for counseling, coaching ~ not research -- 16 - 4 letter personality type profiles - Keirsey Temperament Sorter -- Version for personal use LOOOK ON PPT SLIDE 9!!!!

ego

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.

superego

The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscience.

A) phallic

The Oedipus complex is thought to occur in which stage of psychosexual development? A) phallic B) oral C) genital D) anal

False

The Type A personality is related to coronary problems mostly because Type A individuals are consistently on the go. A) True B) False

Thematic Apperception Test

The ________ is a personality assessment that involves presenting people with pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in

self-efficacy

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.

B) extraversion.

The big five factors of personality include neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and A) introversion. B) extraversion. C) self-actualization. D) self-determination.

face validity

The extent to which a test item appears to be a good fit to the characteristic it measures.

big five factors of personality

The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.

id

The part of the person that Freud called the "it," consisting of unconscious drives; the individual's reservoir of sexual energy.

conditions of worth

The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

behavioral genetics

The study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.

social cognitive perspectives

Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

psychodynamic perspectives

Theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness).

humanistic perspectives

Theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.

trait theories

Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

personological and life story perspectives

Theoretical views stressing that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life history and life story.

Three theoretical perspectives of personality

Trait Humanistic Psychoanalytic

Trait Approach

Trait theorists focus on stable, enduring behavior patterns Trait - Characteristic behavior - Disposition to feel, act Gordon Allport (1961) - American Psychologist The Big Five - Robert McCrae & Paul Costa (1990) Five-factor model - Identifies 5 most basic dimensions of personality 1) extroversion 2) agreeableness 3) consciousness 4) neuroticism 5) openness to experience LOOK ON PPPTS SLIDE 5!!!

Personality

Unique, relatively stable pattern of thinking, emotions, behavior

False

Walter Mischel believed that traits cause people to behave the same way across a variety of situations. A) True B) False

D) Cognitive factors, personality, and the environment all interact to determine a person's personality.

What does reciprocal determinism mean? A) The id, ego, and superego all work together to minimize a person's anxiety. B) Personality traits interact with unconscious processes to create enduring behavioral patterns. C) Early childhood experiences shape the way people will behave for the remainder of their lives. D) Cognitive factors, personality, and the environment all interact to determine a person's personality.

B) Abraham Maslow

What theorist stressed the importance of self-actualization? A) Carl Rogers B) Abraham Maslow C) Alfred Adler D) Gordon Allport

fixated

When a person is unable to successfully navigate the challenges of a specific stage of psychosexual development, thereby not progressing to the next stage, that person is _______ .

B) a man whose hand is numb despite any physical explanation

Which of the following is an example of hysteria? A) a woman sobbing after ending a romantic relationship B) a man whose hand is numb despite any physical explanation C) a woman who becomes pregnant despite using birth control D) a man who expresses his sadness through getting into physical fights with others

D) conscientiousness

Which of the following traits would you expect a successful graduate student to be high in? A) neuroticism B) introversion C) intelligence D) conscientiousness

D) oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period, genital stage

Which of the following, from earliest to latest, is the correct ordering of the psychosexual stages of development? A) oral stage, latency period, anal stage, genital stage, phallic stage B) anal stage, oral stage, genital stage, phallic stage, latency period C) latency period, anal stage, oral stage, genital stage, phallic stage D) oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period, genital stage

B) ego

Which personality structure did Freud believe was responsible for creating defense mechanisms? A) superego B) ego C) id D) denial

D) Carl Jung

Which theorist developed the idea of the collective unconscious? A) Sigmund Freud B) Alfred Adler C) Carl Rogers D) Carl Jung

A) Albert Bandura

Which theorist is most closely associated with the social cognitive approach? A) Albert Bandura B) Carl Rogers C) Carl Jung D) Henry Murray

B) conscientiousness

Which trait is most important in terms of health and longevity? A) extraversion B) conscientiousness C) openness D) neuroticism

C) projective test

Which type of assessment requires participants to tell a story about a novel stimulus? A) self-report test B) objective test C) projective test D) empirically keyed test

C) conscientiousness.

While Layne's friends enjoy her sense of humor and warmth, they are often frustrated by her inability to get places on time. Worse, she rarely calls to say she will be late, and sometimes she doesn't show up at all. She hates to commit to anything beforehand and seems to make decisions based on her moods, regardless of how those behaviors might affect others. Based on this information, and relying on the Five Factor Model, we can say that Layne would be most likely to score low in A) agreeableness. B) neuroticism. C) conscientiousness. D) openness.

D) Henry Murray

Who was responsible for developing the tools that led to modern criminal profiling? A) Carl Rogers B) Abraham Maslow C) Dan McAdams D) Henry Murray

B) Sigmund Freud

Who was the founder of psychoanalysis? A) Karen Horney B) Sigmund Freud C) Abraham Maslow D) Alfred Adler

denial

Will's doctor just told him that he had developed lung cancer after many years of smoking. Will leaves the doctor's office and lights a cigarette, telling himself that he is fine and smoking is no big deal. Will is using the defense mechanism ______

B) She has an external locus of control.

Zelda doesn't believe it is important to study too much for her test. She believes her grade will be determined by outside factors like how hard the test is and luck. Which of the following best describes Zelda? A) She is high in conscientiousness. B) She has an external locus of control. C) She is high in self-efficacy. D) She has high subjective well-being.

empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

_____ , ______ , and ______ are the three essential qualities that Rogers believed people needed to have in their relationships.

Personality

_______ is an enduring pattern of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral ways of responding to the environment.