ch2
structure-function claim example
"When you need to perform your best, take ginseng." This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
look at appendices
what vitamins do we have RDAs for? what vitamins for AIs?
Which of the following statements about the recommendations in MyPlate are false? A. the proportion of dietary grains should be larger than the proportion of meats B. the proportion of dietary vegetables and fruits should be larger than the proportion of meats C. the proportion of dietary grains and milk should be larger than the proportion of meats D. the proportion of dietary meats should be larger than the proportion of vegetables and fruits
the proportion of dietary meats should be larger than the proportion of vegetables and fruits
Which of the following statements about dietary supplements is false? A. they must contain a Supplements Facts panel B. they must include the words "dietary supplement" on the label C. they must be approved by the FDA D. products with structure/function claims must include the FDA disclaimer
they must be approved by the FDA
note
-1oz of grains= 1c cereal or 1/2c cooked cereal, or slice of bread -1oz protein=1oz meat, egg, 1tbsp PB, 1/4c beans or nuts/seeds
The % Daily Value on food labels is the amount of a nutrient in a food as a percentage of the Daily Value recommended for a:
2000 calorie diet
Which of the following is a structure/function claim? A. Fiber maintains bowel regularity. B. Soluble fiber helps reduce the risk of heart disease. C. Calcium helps reduce the risk of osteoporosis. D. Diets that are low in sodium can reduce the risk of high blood pressure.
A
Which DRI standards can be used as goals for individual intake?
AIs and RDAs
The Dietary Reference Intakes include which four recommendations:
Adequate Intakes, Recommended Dietary Allowance, Estimated Average Requirements, Tolerable Upper Intakes
Which of the following is stressed by the Dietary Guidelines? A. Choose nutrient-dense foods. B. Balance food intake with physical activity. C. Limit nutrients that are associated with an increased risk of chronic disease. D. Handle food safely to prevent food-borne illness.
All
Which of the following is used to assess nutritional status? A. nutritional analysis of the diet B. measurements of body dimensions C. medical history and physical examination D. laboratory tests
All
Which of the following statements is false? A. An EER value gives the amount of energy needed to maintain body weight. B. Your EER stays the same when you gain weight. C. If you consume more calories than your EER, you will gain weight. D. Your EER depends on your age, gender, weight, height, and activity level.
B
Which of the following statements about the DRIs is false? A. they include nutrient recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease B. the nutrient recommendations include 5 sets of values C. the energy recommendations include the EER and AMDR D. reference intake values have been set for each gender
the nutrient recommendations include 5 sets of values
Supplement Facts
the portion of a dietary supplement label that includes info about serving size, ingredients, amount per serving size (by weight), and percent of Daily Value, if established -supplements also can have regulated claims: ex: "high potency"=100% or more of the DV for the nutrient it contains; if multivitamin, means has 100% or more of DV for 2/3s of the vitamins and minerals present
nutrition facts
the portion of a food label that provides info about the nutritional composition of a food and how that food fits into the overall diet -must contain serving size and number of calories -usually says % of nutrients in the daily value
dietary supplement
product sold to supplement the diet; may include nutrients, enzymes, herbs, or other substances (ex: multivitamins, protein powder) -considered foods, not drugs
Which group describes the best way to determine typical food intake:
record food, beverages, and cooking methods for several days
what can conclude of this person ? percent of recommended daily intake consumed: 75% vitamin A, 115% vit C, 54% iron, 75% calcium, and 134% sat fat A. She has an iron deficiency. B. She is at risk for vitamin C toxicity. C. If she consumes this amount of iron every day, she is at risk for iron deficiency. D. She has osteoporosis.
If she consumes this amount of iron every day, she is at risk for iron deficiency.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
MAXIMUM daily intake values on a daily basis that are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a given gender and life-stage group -for most nutrients, its hard to exceed the UL just by consuming food -sometimes UL refers to all sources (food, fortified food, and dietary supplements); other times it just refers to supplements and fortified foods
daily value
reference value for the intake of nutrients used on food labels to help consumers see how a given food fits into their overall diet; amount of nutrient in a food as a % of the amount recommended for a 2000 calorie diet -may overestimate amount of nutrient needed for some groups, but does NOT underestimate requirement for any group, EXCEPT pregnant and lactating women
what can you say from this: 4 grams of soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease
NOT a nutrient content claim; -this claim focuses on the relationship between soluble fiber and the risk for heart disease; the FDA reviewed this claim and is supported by strong scientific evidence
The recommendation to "Keep Food Safe to Eat" is part of what guideline?
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Healthy People
set of national health promotion and disease prevention objectives for the U.S. population; revised every 10 years; hp 2020 wants to create a social climate in which everyone has a chance to live long, healthy lives
item has 3g sat fat (15%): A. This product contains 15% of the maximum daily recommended amount of saturated fat. B. This product is high in saturated fat. C. To meet nutritional needs, the other foods you consume during the day should provide 17 grams of saturated fat. D. This product is low in saturated fat.
This product contains 15% of the maximum daily recommended amount of saturated fat.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
set of nutrition recommendations designed to promote population-wide dietary changes to reduce the incidence of nutrition-related chronic diseases; diet and lifestyle recommendations -most recent focus on calorie intake with exercise and consuming nutrient dense things; tries to make americans live healthier which will lower health-care costs and strengthen economy/productivity
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
set of reference values for the intake of energy, nutrients, and food components that can be used for planning and assessing the diets of healthy people in the U.S. and Canada; address problems of excess and deficiency -nutrient intake recommendations(4): EAR, RDA, AI, and UL -energy intake recs(2): EER and AMDR
Which letter labels the DRI standard that represents the nutrient level that covers about 97% of the population? (a in half the bell curve, b towards end of curve to right, C way far off right)
answer: B note: A reps the DRI for the average needs of the population
empty calories
calories from solid fats and/or added sugars, which add calories to the food but few nutrients
structure/function claim
claim on a food or supplement label that describes the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient in maintaining normal structure, function, or general well-being in humans -ex: "calcium builds strong bones" -does not require FDA approval so can be misleading (even less strict with food labels)
nutrient content claim
claim on food labels used to describe the level of a nutrient in a food; the nutrition labeling and education act of 1990 defines these terms and regulates the circumstances under which they can be used; ex: defines "fat free" or "low sodium" or "good source of" (definitions established by FDA) -also applies to restaurants
The Exchange Lists are useful for planning diet for:
diabetics
Which of these foods is highest in discretionary calories? apple, tbsp olive oil, whole wheat bread slice, or donut
donut
estimated energy requirements (EERs)
energy intakes that are predicted to maintain body weight in healthy individuals; estimate of how many calories are needed to keep body weight stable (take age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity into account)
food guide
food group system that suggests amounts of different types of foods needed to meet nutrient intake recommendations (today's: my plate)
health claim
food label claim that describes the relationship between a nutrient,food, food component, or supplement, and a reduced risk of disease or health condition; only approved health claims may appear on food labels -to have a claim, it must be a naturally good source of 1 of 6 nutrients (vitamin A or C, protein, calcium, iron, or fiber) and must NOT contain more than 20% of the Daily Value for fat, sat fat, cholesterol, or sodium
"choice(exchange)" list
groups foods based on calorie and macronutrient composition and looks at energy content -provides useful tool if you are controlling calorie intake for weight loss or carb intake for diabetes
qualified health claim
health claim on a food label that has been approved based on emerging but not well-established evidence of a relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement and reduced risk of a disease or health-related condition; must be accompanied by an explanatory statement to avoid misleading customers
acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs)
healthy ranges of intake for carbs, fat, and protein, expressed as percentages of total energy intake -10-35% calories from protein... 45-65% from carbs... and 20-35% from fat -intended to promote diets and lower disease risk and allow food intake flexibility
which of the following statements about the amount of sodium and calcium in this product is true: -sodium: 470 mg, 20% -calcium: 20%
high in both sodium and calcium
nutritional status
individual's health, as it is influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients
In which order are ingredients listed on a food label?
largest to smallest by weight
estimated average requirements (EARS)
nutrient intakes estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the healthy individuals in a given gender and life-stage group; used to assess adequacy of a population's food supply or typical nutrient intake and are NOT appropriate for evaluating an individual's intake
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
nutrient intakes that are sufficient to meet the needs of almost ALL healthy people in a specific gender and life-stage group; original one made recommendations of amounts of energy/nutrients that were most likely to be deficient in people's diets (protein, iron, calcium, vitamins A and D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C) but now deficiencies are more rare in US, but incidence of nutrition-related diseases has increased; so now promote health and deficiencies; expanded into DRIs
adequate intakes (AIs)
nutrient intakes that should be used as a goal when no RDA exists; an approximation of the nutrient intake that sustains health; RDA or AI can be used to set goals for individual intake and to plan/evaluate indiv diets; they are meant to represent the amounts that most healthy people should consume on average over several days (not each night and every day); intake below these does not mean deficiency, just means risk of deficiency is greater
When can manufactures place health claims on the product label?
only when the health claims are supported by strong scientific evidence
MyPlate
plate-shaped food guide released in 2011 that suggests amounts and types of food from 5 food groups (based on the nutrients they supply most abundantly) to meet the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines -used to help lower obesity and chronic diseases -half plate fruits/veggies, other half grains and proteins, dairy should accompany meals -6oz grains, 2.5c veggies, 2c fruit, 3c dairy, 5.5oz protein, less than 6tsp oil -proportionality: eating more of some types of foods(like good foods) than others(than bad foods)
The first set of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were designed to:
prevent deficiencies
Qualified Health Claims
used when there is emerging evidence for a relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement and reduced risk of a disease or health-related condition but there is not enough scientific support for the FDA to issue an authorizing regulation • Qualified claims about cancer risk: selenium and cancer, antioxidant vitamins and cancer, green tea and cancer, tomatoes and cancer, calcium and colorectal cancer and/recurrent colon rectal polyps. • Qualified claims about cardiovascular disease risk: nuts and heart disease, walnuts and heart disease, omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease, B vitamins and vascular disease, monounsaturated fatty acids from olive oil and reduced coronary heart disease risk, unsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and coronary heart disease risk, corn oil and coronary heart disease. • Qualified claims about diabetes: chromium picolinate and diabetes • Qualified claims about hypertension: calcium and hypertension, pregnancy- indused hypertension and preeclampsia • Qualified claims about cognitive function: phosphatidylserine and cognitive dysfunction and dementia • Qualified claims about neural tube birth defects: 0.8 mg folic acid and neural tube birth defects
facts
~2/3 in US are overweight -weight loss- reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure -should have 2.5 fruits and veggies, eat more whole fruits than juices; replace refined grains with whole grains; increase consumption of fat-free or low-fat milk, while limiting consumption of cheese >>>this will increase potassium, fiber, calcium, vitamin A, C, and D intake (all are nutrients of concern in US); proteins in lean meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, beans and peas, soy, and nuts/seeds -exercise at least 150 min a week -reduce intake of sat fat, trans fat, and cholesterol (all increase risk of heart disease) -limit sodium intake to less than 2300 mg/day to prevent high bp (AA have higher risk) -in fats, consume oil over solid fats (oils protect against heart disease)
Health Claims That Meet Significant Scientific Agreement (authorized by FDA)
• Calcium and osteoporosis • Dietary fat and cancer • Dietary saturated fat and cholesterol and risk of coronary heart disease • Dietary non-carcinogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries • Fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables and cancer • Folic acid and neural tube defects • Fluoridated water and reduced risk of dental caries • Fruits, vegetables, and grain products and cancer • Fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and risk of coronary heart disease • Plant sterol/stanol and coronary heart disease • Potassium and the risk of high blood pressure and stroke • Saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat and reduced risk of heart disease • Sodium and hypertension • Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease • Soy protein and risk of coronary heart disease • Stanols/sterols and risk of coronary heart disease • Whole grain foods and the risk of heart disease and certain cancers