CH22

air

a perpetual haze of smoke and soot

These women typically did not work. Some were able to work in professions such as accountants, engineers, or purchasing agents.

upper middle-class women

decreased

-air and water quality -life expectancy in industrial areas -average height of people in industrial areas -average age of first marriage

Review the primary source document feature from the textbook titled "Rage against the Machines"—an 1812 newspaper excerpt from the town of Leeds, England. Afterward, identify which of the following statements are correct.

Incorrect Answer(s) -Industrializing states such as Great Britain often defended workers' interests.

What were the primary reasons coal played such a large role in Britain's industrialization?

Incorrect Answer(s) -Mining for coal was not labor intensive.

Which of the following factors contributed to England's emergence as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?

Incorrect Answer(s) -cheap labor -free trade

The map below shows the relationship between the production of raw materials (cotton growing, copper mining, coal mining) and the places where those goods were manufactured in the nineteenth century. Using the map and the key, what conclusions can you draw about raw materials, manufacturing, and infrastructure?

Incorrect Answer(s) Every continent built its own hub of industrial production.

Charts like the one below can help historians illustrate change over time, but they do not always present the full story. In this chart about the change in global industrial production from 1800 to 1900, identify which information is given in the chart and which information is not.

Information Presented in the Chart --percentage change of economic output across regions and time

Patriotic Women's Society

Japanese women's organization that worked to prepare soldiers for overseas deployments

agrarian economy

Russia lacked new industrial plants, and industries were antiquated and small.

entrepreneurs

This class was almost always men, but there were some businesses owned by women, often those who took over businesses from deceased husbands.

serfdom

Two-thirds of the Russian population were either owned by the state or bound to land owned by nobility.

small domestic market

Unlike the United States and Britain, most of the population in Russia was too poor to afford anything beyond basic needs.

Review the timeline below that tracks the key events in the spread of the Industrial Revolution around the globe. Place the following events in chronological.

Water-powered loom is developed. -Cotton mill makes use of steam engine for first time in Britain. -First railway carrying passengers and general freight operates in Britain. -Steam-powered vessels begin scheduled Atlantic crossings. -Trans-Siberian Railway opens.

steam-powered vessels

allowed Britain to dominate the oceans and open the Suez Canal, thus giving easier access to India and connecting Britain more seamlessly to the wider world

rise of British iron production

allowed growth of gun and shipbuilding industry, helping to arm the world's largest navy

organization through unions

allowed workers to speak in a common voice and negotiate more effectively with employers and put pressure on politicians

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage describing the Industrial Revolution.

an energy--water power--coal

What common concern did both Russia and Japan, latecomers to industrialization, face that helped drive each country toward industrial development?

choicenational security and militarization

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about the Russian Industrial Revolution.

government support---sergei witte--railroad building

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about the social consequences of industrial revolutions.

social contracts---extended--divided---reform

The high cost of labor in England helped fuel innovation and labor-saving technology, which in turn fueled the Industrial Revolution. This was particularly true in the textile industry. Place the inventions or innovations that demonstrate this ever-evolving drive for more efficient—that is, less labor-intensive—textile manufacturing in the order in which they were developed.

the fly shuttle---the spinning Jenny--the spinning mule---water powered looms

demand for whale oil and bison hides

the reduction of huge populations of animals to near extinction

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about industrialization in Germany in the nineteenth century.

the state----friendrich list---protectionist

demand for more pasture land

vast deforestation

rivers and streams

"caked over with a thick scum of dirty froth"

The textbook chapter's primary source feature, titled "Rage against the Machines," describes a riot of workers at a mill near Manchester, England in 1812. Place the following events in the order in which they unfold in the excerpt.

-A group of angry workers attacks the mill of Daniel Burton and Sons. -Rioters are fired upon by the mill owner. Five are killed, a number wounded, and the crowd is dispersed. -A large crowd gathers and is met by members of the British Army. In response, the crowd burns down the mill owner's home. -The angry crowd returns to the mill and is fired upon. Four workers die, and seventeen are arrested.

The Industrial Revolution was the most momentous change in human history since the Neolithic Revolution. Identify the ways in which these two revolutions were either similar or different.

Characteristics Shared by Both Revolutions -momentous turning point in world history

Identify the statements that reflect global consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

Correct Answer(s) -The Industrial Revolution generated unprecedented levels of pollution, sufficient to change the Earth's climate. -The Industrial Revolution led some regions to specialize in raw material production. -The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain into a global economic power.

Economic and political shifts were at the heart of changes unleashed by global industrial revolutions. What were some of these shifts?

Correct Answer(s) -focus on primary products in less industrialized areas -change in the distribution of military and political power

Which two American inventions were crucial in the country's nineteenth-century industrialization?

Correct Answer(s) -the cotton gin -the telegraph

Which of the following best describes the main changes in manufacturing methods associated with the Industrial Revolution?

Correct Answer(s) -the transition from household-scale and workshop-scale production to factory-scale production -the transition from muscle and hand tools to machinery driven by water and, later, coal-burning engines

Industrialization did not benefit all countries or people within industrializing countries equally. Determine whether the following producers would have benefited from or been hurt by global industrialization.

Negatively Affected by Industrialization -hand-weavers -village iron smiths -hand-spinners

Using this map of global travel times in the nineteenth century, order the following cities by their travel time from London, from shortest amount of time to longest.

Paris--Philadelphia--Rio de Janeiro--Singapore

The role played by the state in industrial revolutions was larger in some areas than others. In which of the following countries' industrial revolutions did the state play a significant role?

State Played a Significant Role -Russia Germany Japan

De-industrialization refers to the process whereby smaller handicraft industries could no longer compete with cheaper, larger-scale mechanized production and therefore fell out of business.

T

The power of coal and steam engines transformed almost every part of British industry in the decades after 1830. Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about the ways coal transformed the cotton industry in Britain.

india---restricted---fell

settlement houses

institutions that elite and middle-class women set up to research and help improve the conditions in which poor and working-class people—especially women and children—lived and labored

Canada's National Policy, launched in 1879, involved what key policy designed to promote domestic industry?

introduction of tariffs

alliances

laborers seeking to collaborate with sympathetic elites who were in political and economic positions to help

The most common job for women in nineteenth-century Britain was domestic service or factory work.

laboring women

These women were clerks, nurses, teachers, or pharmacists—jobs that required some education but offered only modest wages.

lower middle-class women

What were some of the key features of the industrial revolution in the United States?

slavery--innovation-high wages

What steps did German chancellor Otto von Bismarck take to promote peace between the government and the working class?

-He encouraged employers to compromise with workers on wages and working conditions. --The state provided—or obliged employers to provide—pensions, health insurance, and unemployment insurance to workers.

Industrialization brought a social revolution to Britain. In which of the following ways was British society impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

Correct Answer(s) creation of working classes rise of lethal diseases rise of a rich industrial class

Most attempts at revolutionary action by working-class populations in industrialized nations were bloody and violent, but they were also frequently successful in overthrowing governments and institutions.

F

The Industrial Revolution began and ended in Britain. British Parliament was able to enact enough measures to ensure that industrializing technologies remained with Britain.

F

When Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published their pamphlet, the Communist Manifesto, in 1848, the idea of a communist revolution was extremely popular.

F

Industrial revolutions in Europe, North America, and Japan changed the world in several ways. Which of the following changes resulted from these revolutions?

Incorrect Answer(s) -Industrial revolutions accelerated humans' desire to preserve the world's natural resources.

The creation of enormous corporate conglomerates and the exploitation of "economies of scale" helped the United States become the global industrial leader by the end of the nineteenth century.

T

Identify the most important social consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution ended the necessity of mass poverty.

Japanese industrialization mirrored the industrialization process in other parts of the world—such as the United States, Britain, and Germany—but it was also different in key ways. Identify the ways in which Japan's Industrial Revolution was similar to these other countries, and the ways in which it was different.

Ways in which Japanese Industrialization Was Different -market control for textile manufacturing, but state control for heavy industry -a cheap domestic labor force

The industrial revolutions in the United States, Germany, Russia, and Japan all shared similar key attributes. Which of the following are attributes shared by the revolutions in all four countries?

Attributes Shared by All Industrial Revolutions -large domestic consumer markets -reliance on military industry