Ch.26 and Ch.27 TEST
Regulates sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's Disease
C) Aldosterone
23) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. B) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. D) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
Phosphate ions are highest in ___________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid
C) intracellular fluid
Potassium ions are highest in ___________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid
C) intracellular fluid
Proteins are highest in ___________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid
C) intracellular fluid
30) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
21) Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) protein
C) nucleic acid
12) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A) iron B) chloride C) potassium D) magnesium
C) potassium
The fluid compartments outside the cell. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes
D) Extracellular
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disterbances. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's Disease
D) Hyponatremia
15) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells B) the pH of the ICF C) intracellular sodium levels D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
5) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A) enhance atrial contractions B) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
1) The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) calcium ions B) potassium ions C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions
D) sodium ions
A disorder which affected President Kennedy entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's Disease
E) Addison's Disease
Dissociates in water. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes
E) Electrolytes
Atrial natriuretic peptide vasodilates. it also reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote sodium and water retention.
False
Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.
False
Female orgasm is required for conception.
False
Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.
False
Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.
False
Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.
False
Pain during ovulation is called dysmenorrhea.
False
Primary ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.
False
Regulation of the acid-base system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control, and the kidneys also play a small role.
False
Reproduction is not possible in males or females until one year after puberty has begun.
False
Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acid-base imbalances.
False
Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.
False
The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen.
False
The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.
False
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.
False
The hormone oxytocin combines with enzymes in semen to enhance sperm motility.
False
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.
False
The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.
False
Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.
False
Typically, the prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.
False
A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
True
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.
True
As the sodium content of the body is altered, its concentration in the ECF over the short term remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.
True
As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.
True
Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.
True
Both tetrads and crossovers are seen during meiosis.
True
Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
True
Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body.
True
Failure to attain erection is called impotence.
True
Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.
True
It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature.
True
Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.
True
One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.
True
Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.
True
Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure.
True
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.
True
Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.
True
Sexually transmitted diseases are the most important cause of reproductive disorders.
True
Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.
True
The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.
True
The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.
True
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
True
The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.
True
The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.
True
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.
True
Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.
True
Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate. ( bind H+ ions more tightly than strong acids)
True
When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.
True
When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube.
True
14) Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A) inefficient kidneys B) comparatively low metabolic rates C) low rate of insensible water loss D) low daily rate of fluid exchange
A) inefficient kidneys
Bicarbonate ions are highest in_________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid
A) interstitial fluid
10) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) plasma B) intracellular fluid C) interstitial fluid D) cerebrospinal fluid
A) plasma
17) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis
A) respiratory acidosis
25) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) the control of respiratory ventilation B) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach C) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells D) control of the acids produced in the stomach
A) the control of respiratory ventilation
7) Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A) the lungs and the kidneys B) the adrenal glands and the testes C) the thyroid gland and the heart D) the stomach and the liver
A) the lungs and the kidneys
3) Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. A) tissue edema B) extreme weight loss C) extreme weight gain D) nerve damage
A) tissue edema
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's Disease
B) Edema
Spaces between cells. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes
B) Interstitial
32) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) It will increase the osmolality of the blood. B) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. C) She will experience hypotension. D) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.
B) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
6) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C) a runner has completed a very long marathon D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
9) Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) water levels D) glucocorticoids
B) aldosterone
Sodium ions are highest in ___________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid
B) blood plasma
20) Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems B) diet C) respiratory changes D) renal mechanism
B) diet
33) The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure
B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
27) The regulation of sodium ________. A) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus B) is linked to blood pressure C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration
B) is linked to blood pressure
18) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A) requires active transport B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces C) requires ATP for the transport to take place D) involves filtration
B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
29) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
11) Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. A) iron B) sodium C) magnesium D) bicarbonate
B) sodium
A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's Disease
A) Hypoproteinemia
Fluid compartments located in the cell. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes
A) Intracellular
13) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids
A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
26) Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? A) excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion B) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high C) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure D) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
A) excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion
Do not dissociate. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes
C) Nonelectrolytes
2) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) the feeling one might have after a long swim B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
4) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone B) erythropoietin C) aldosterone D) renin
C) aldosterone
24) Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) aldosterone B) thymosin C) antidiuretic hormone D) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) antidiuretic hormone
19) What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) thyroxine
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
16) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) phosphate B) hemoglobin C) bicarbonate D) protein
C) bicarbonate
31) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A) a dry mouth from high temperatures B) becoming overly agitated C) drinking caffeinated beverages D) a rise in plasma osmolality
D) a rise in plasma osmolality
34) Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? A) membrane polarity B) neuromuscular excitability C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF D) amount of body fat
D) amount of body fat
8) Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? A) neuromuscular activity B) membrane permeability C) secretory activity D) anabolism of proteins
D) anabolism of proteins
22) Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________. A) lymph and interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) cerebrospinal fluid D) glucose
D) glucose
35) The regulation of potassium balance ________. A) is not linked to sodium balance B) includes renal secretion, but never absorption C) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.
False
Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.
False
