CH28: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic Ocean

After the Congress of Vienna, Europe's balance of power held until the outbreak of

World War I.

What was an effect of the increasingly political nature of nationalism in the nineteenth century?

a potential to stir up conflict between different groups of people

Many early liberals argued that voting was

a privilege that could be limited.

Cultural nationalists

aimed to foster pride in a national communities cultural accomplishments and shared historical experiences.

Conservatives like Edmund Burke thought sudden and radical revolutions would lead to

chaos and anarchy.

The liberalism that emerged from the Atlantic revolutions were mostly concerned with

civil rights.

Simón Bolívar attempted to

create a confederation of states in South America modeled after the United States of America.

Saint-Domingue, the site of the successful slave revolt against French authorities, accounted for Blank______ of France's foreign trade. Multiple choice question. one-tenth

one-third

All of the following features were important in the development of a national identity except

population size

The pattern of importing slaves from Africa and the Caribbean to Saint-Domingue was disrupted near the end of the eighteenth century because of dramatically higher.

prices for slaves.

One of the acts that upset colonists was the Quartering Act, which required them to

provide lodging for British troops.

In ____ governments, political affairs are supervised b the delegates of different constitiuencies.

republican

After Napoleon's defeat, conservative political leaders at the Congress of Vienna

restored royal power in European countries.

In contrast to American revolutionary leaders, the French revolutionaries

sought a new political and social order.

Prior to the Congress of Vienna, large areas of Germany and Italy were nominally under the control of

the Holy Roman Empire.

By _____, political leaders adopted the national state as the principal form of political organization throughout the world.

the mid-twentieth century

Which Enlightenment philosopher theorized that the laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace?

Adam Smith

Like the early modern scientists, Enlightenment thinkers abandoned _____ philosophy.

Aristotelian

Popular and successful as a general of the French army, Napoleon secured his command over all of France when he established a new government called the

Consulate.

The only successful slave revolt in history took place on the island of

Hispaniola

Which of the following is true about the French revolution?

It was more radical than the American Revolution.

Which Enlightenment philosopher focused on discovering the natural laws of politics and advocated for constitutional government?

John Locke

What was the name of the parish priest who led a peasant rebellion against colonial rule in Mexico?

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Which statements would a nationalist leader likely make?

"Having an independent national state is important for the destiny of our people." "We should identify with our nation and work for its glory." "Our nation's borders should include all the land occupied by people who share our national identity."

Which of the following are true of the Estates General?

-It had as many members from the third estate as the other two groups combined. -It was made up of clergy, nobles, and the common people.

Why did plantation owners in St. Domingue live in constant fear of a slave revolt?

-Planters forced enslaved people to work under brutal conditions. -They were massively outnumbered by enslaved people.

Which of the following are true statements about antislavery movements in the Americas?

-Simón Bolívar granted freedom to enslaved people who joined his army. -Mexico abolished slavery to keep US slaveholders from moving to Mexico.

Which of the following are true of the French estate system?

-The first estate consisted of the clergy. -The third estate had the strongest interest in social justice. -Representatives from the third estate were as numerous as the other two combined.

Which of the following statements about political ideologies and their theoretical roles in society are true?

-They offer a coherent vision of the world and human nature. -They propose the ideal political order for a society.

The early steps taken by the National Assembly included which of the following?

-defining the clergy as civilians -seizing church lands

In France, the establishment of a republic based on liberty, equality, and fraternity influenced French citizens to do which of the following?

-feel a sense of patriotism -have positive associations with the flag and the national anthem -defend the country against foreign military forces

Which of the following encouraged nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe?

-leaders' efforts to build states with coherent identities -leaders' attempts to arouse people's suspicion or jealousy of foreigners -citizens' participation in wars against foreign states

In nineteenth-century Europe, citizens expressed nationalist sentiments by doing which of the following?

-participating in military campaigns to defend their country's interests -celebrating national holidays -displaying the national flag

Which of the following would cultural nationalists be likely to do?

-read about the history of their nation -encourage people to take pride in their nation -study books and stories written by people of their nation

Which of the following had Napoleon done before the age of thirty?

-secured the position of general -engaged the British in combat in Egypt -defeated the Austrian army in Italy

What did the conservative rulers installed by the Congress of Vienna employ to discourage further revolutions?

-spies -censorship

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, revolutions inspired by Enlightenment ideals of personal freedom and equality led to which of the following?

-the end of slavery in Haiti -political independence of the North American colonies -Haiti's independence from France -destruction of the ancient régime in France

Enlightenment thinkers' commitment to individual freedom is expressed in their denouncement of which of the following?

-the persecution of religious minorities -censorship by royal officials

True or false: Conservative thinkers felt confident that ideals of nationalism and popular sovereignty would increase European stability.

False

Early conservative ideology was especially influenced by the revolution in

France

Just as the ideas of the Enlightenment were evident in the French and American revolutions, so the ideology of nationalism was best demonstrated in the nineteenth-century unifications of

German and Italy

The German brothers Jakob and Wilhelm ______ collected popular poems, tales, and songs that they felt expressed the distinctiveness of the German Volk, or people.

Grimm

Which of these countries was part of the Mexican empire that was formed following Mexico's independence from Spain?

Guatemala

Which of the following is true of Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini?

He advocated for the establishment of an Italian national state.

Which scientist's work was a primary influence on the Enlightenment's focus on using rational analysis to understand the human and natural worlds?

Isaac Newton

In the nineteenth century, liberal ideology shifted in which of the following ways?

It ascribed greater importance to the role of government in solving social problems.

Which of the following accurately describes the slave trade?

It ended before slavery was abolished.

Which of the following is a true statement about liberal thought in the nineteenth century?

It increasingly looked to government to lessen the problems that came with industrialization.

The invasion of Spain and Portugal by Blank______ in 1807 created an opportunity for independence movements throughout Latin America.

Napoleon

Napoleon successfully conquered many European countries; however, his attack on Blank______ was a disaster that signaled the decline of his empire.

Russia

The British Parliament levied taxes on its North American colonies in an effort to pay debts incurred during the Blank______ War.

Seven Years'

The British Parliament waged the extremely expensive Blank______ War to protect colonial trade interests in North America.

Seven Years'

Between 1789 and 1791, in the early stages of the French revolution, what was the National Assembly's attitude toward the king?

They kept the king in place but took away his legislative authority.

True or false: The French revolution inspired a successful revolution on the French portion of the island of Hispaniola.

True

While working to stabilize France, Napoleon also sought to extend his authority throughout

Western Europe

Simón Bolívar hoped to weld the former Spanish colonies in South America into

a confederation.

During what time period did Europeans began to identify strongly with communities called nations?

during the nineteenth century

Conservative ideology in the nineteenth century, as espoused by Edmund Burke,

emphasized the need for gradual change in society.

Mary Astell suggested that democratic Enlightenment values should be applied to the Blank______ as well as the nation.

family

Throughout history, which kind of government has been most common in settled agricultural societies?

hierarchical

The ideals of the Atlantic revolutions resulted in the birth of new Blank______, particularly those of conservatism and liberalism.

ideologies

The French revolution and the Napoleonic wars caused nationalist sentiments to Blank______ in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

increase greatly

Following the American and French revolutions, the Enlightenment ideals of equality and freedom.

influenced revolutionary movements in the Caribbean.

Johann Gottfried von Herder and other cultural nationalists believed that ______ best captured the Volksgeist, or unique spirit of a nation.

literature

The U.S. Constitution originally extended full individual rights to

men of property.

Nationalists believed that political allegiance should be reserved for the

nation-state

The wars of the French revolution and Napoleonic wars inspired a community identity known as

nationalism