ch4

What does the pharmacological phrase ED 60 mean?

60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect

Which of the following affect drug distribution?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following drugs is commonly snorted?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a common site for intramuscular drug injection?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a method used to administer barbiturates?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is not a way in which drugs are excreted from the body?

All of these are ways in which drugs are excreted.

_____ is a term that refers to the diminished effect of a drug when another drug is present.

Antagonism

___________ is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action.

Bioavailability

__________ is a term referring to the minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy.

Drug potency

A drug's half-life is the time it takes for a drug's effects to become half as potent.

False

Amphetamines have an antagonistic effect on alcohol, reducing its impairment of motor skills.

False

Drug potency refers to the largest amount of a drug than can be taken safely.

False

Drugs that are more soluble in lipids (fats) are less readily absorbed than other drugs.

False

Marijuana has a half-life of up to several weeks.

False

Recent research has indicated that environmental differences do not seem to play a role in the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism.

False

The "first-pass effect" refers to drug metabolism in the liver.

False

The safest of the three methods of injecting drugs is the intravenous method.

False

The sublingual route of drug administration is slower and less efficient than oral administration.

False

The transdermal route of drug administration is an effective one for most drugs.

False

Which of the following is not an advantage of the oral route of drug administration?

It causes fast absorption.

____________ is an example of a medication that is administered sublingually.

Nitroglycerin

One way that ____________ is administered involves sprinkling it on marijuana and smoking it.

PCP

__________ is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.

Pharmacodynamics

__________ reflects the amount of latitude there is in a drug dose before a stronger effect is reached.

Slope

Alcohol is considered a zero-order kinetic drug.

True

Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor for AIDS.

True

The amount of time that marijuana can be detected in the body depends upon whether use is acute or chronic.

True

Therapeutic index is a term referring to a drug's utility in medical care and is computed as a ratio (LD 50/ED 50).

True

Valium is an example of a drug that can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier because it is highly fat soluble.

True

____________ means that the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood.

Zero-order kinetics

The therapeutic index is _____.

a measure of a drug's safety in medical care

People get drunk faster when drinking alcohol on an empty stomach than after they have eaten some food. This difference in response is primarily due to which of the following?

absorption

Which of the following results has not been demonstrated in needle exchange programs?

an increase in IV drug use

Which of the following is an example of an inhalant?

benzene

Due to differences in ________, proper drug dosage is determined by an individual's weight.

body fluid

The presence of food in the stomach __________ absorption and __________ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs.

delays; decreases

Drinking large quantities of water would be an example of an attempt to alter the results of a drug test by _________.

dilution

A drug is ___________ when it changes from solid to liquid after being mixed with a liquid.

dissolved

The effect of a drug depends most fundamentally on __________.

dosage

In a prototypic dose-effect curve, the vertical axis refers to the __________ and the horizontal axis refers to the __________.

effect size, range of drug doses

Discussions related to drug elimination often refer to a unit of measurement known as ________.

half-life

A chronic user of amphetamines would likely ________ their drug of choice.

inject

A person who wants to experience the effects of a drug immediately should administer it how?

intravenously

Which of the following drug states is not suitable for administration via inhalation?

liquid

A common street term for injecting a drug intravenously is __________.

mainlining

Which of the following drugs can be detected in the system for up to one month following chronic use?

marijuana

The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as ____________.

metabolism

Which of the following systems does not receive major portions of a drug rapidly due to a high volume of drug flow?

muscles

Which route of drug administration is considered the best overall?

none

A drug that is taken sublingually is __________.

placed under the tongue

In __________, the combined effects of multiple drugs is greater than the sum of the parts.

potentiation

The elimination of a drug from the body often is associated with changes that are opposite to those that were caused by the drug. These are sometimes called __________.

rebound effects

Which of the following best reflects subcutaneous injection and absorption rate?

slow and constant

When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach and are absorbed in the __________.

small intestine

Which of the following is the easiest drug injection route to use?

subcutaneous

The benefits of administering a drug orally must be weighed against the drawbacks relating to ________.

time

People who wear a nicotine patch to help them quit smoking receive a dose of the drug through which route of administration?

transdermally

How long can alcohol be detected in the system by using a drug test?

up to one day

A drug's dose is calculated according to a person's __________.

weight

Which of the following conditions lead to more rapid drug absorption?

when there is more blood flow at the site of absorption