CH.7

What is a normal distribution?

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a majority of the scores fall in the middle of the range, and few scores appear toward the extremes

Example of functional fixedness:

Alvin doesn't have a nutcracker to crack a walnut, and doesn't consider using a stone paper weight

What is the primary difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?

An algorithm guarantees a solution; a heuristic does not.

Which theorist suggests that there are nine types of intelligence, or "frames of mind"?

Howard Gardner

Which of the following is evidence for the behaviorists' view of language development?

The more parents speak to a child, the better the child is at acquiring language.

Primary difference between an algorithm and heuristic-

an algorithm guarantees a solution, a heuristic does not

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence consists of:

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

A computer models how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of-

artificial intelligence

The --- is a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of imagining similar events.

availability bias

Trevor was driving to work and saw another driver pulled over and receiving a ticket for speeding. Trevor drove carefully the rest of the way to work, thinking that "everybody is getting ticketed today." This is an example of the-

availability bias

When considering the --- influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability.

biological

Some language experts propose that there is a ---period for language development and that if a child isn't exposed to language within this timeframe, they are not likely to develop language.

critical period

Evaluating alternatives and making choices among these alternatives is known as-

decision making

Diego has heard that everyone at a nearby high school loves to play soccer, so when Diego meets Samuel, who is a student at the high school, Diego concludes that Samuel must be a soccer fan. Diego is using-

deductive reasoning

Every child that Marco has ever seen has loved crayons, so when he goes to babysit a child he has never met before, he is sure to bring paper and a big box of crayons with him. Marco is using-

deductive reasoning

Prototype model-

emphasizes that when people evaluate a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a "family resemblance"

Decision making-

evaluating alternatives and making choices among those alternatives

Millie wants to throw away an empty plastic milk jug because she insists that it is "useless" now that all of the milk is gone. Millie is exhibiting a specific kind of fixation known as-

functional fixedness

After hearing someone answer a trivia question, you muse to yourself, "I knew the answer to that question." The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we can accurately predict an outcome or answer is known as which of the following?

hindsight bias

Walt was worried about his performance on an exam. After he saw that he had earned an A grade on the exam, his roommate told him that he knew Walt would earn an A, even though the roommate hadn't said anything about this in the days before the test. Walt's roommate is illustrating-

hindsight bias

Some language experts propose that there is a critical period for language development, which means that-

if a child does not develop language at this special time, they never will.

Psychological research that uses specific observations of a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the general population from which the sample is drawn is an example of-

inductive reasoning

Rhea is preparing the family home for her uncle, who is coming to visit. Rhea had only met him one time, but on that occasion, he was annoyed that the radio was playing loudly. Now, Rhea assumes he doesn't like music at all and puts her own radio in the closet. This is an example of-

inductive reasoning

In the United States, --- is generally defined as an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

IQ stands for-

intelligence quotient

The acronym IQ stands for-

intelligence quotient

Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before---emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.

language

Skinner's Behaviorism-

language is learned through reinforcements/punishments (nurture)

Reasoning-

mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

Concepts-

mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics

The idea that intelligence is not a singular entity that can be accurately measured by an IQ test but rather a combination of many different capabilities is Gardner's-

multiple intelligence theory

Intelligence-

problem solving skill and the ability to adapt and learn from life's everyday experiences

Availability bias-

refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events

Semantics-

refers to the meaning of words and sentences in a particular languages

Cognition-

refers to the way in which information is processed and manipulated in thinking, remembering, and knowing

In decades past, behaviorist psychologists claimed that language learning was the result of chains of responses that occurred through behavioral-

reinforcement

On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not-

reliable

A researcher creates a new intelligence test. She gives the same test to a subject on three separate occasions, and the subject gets the same score each time. The researcher then realizes that the test is measuring personality, not intelligence. What describes the researcher's test?

reliable but not valid

Artificial intelligence-

scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they're done by people

Language-

symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules- to communicate our ideas

A normal distribution is a-

symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, showing the majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range. Multiple choice question.

Problem solving is-

the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal

Problem solving-

the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal

Ian wants his sister to drive him to the movies. He is imagining various ways of achieving this. In other words, he is ______.

thinking

Prototype model of concepts emphasizes:

when people evaluate wether an item reflects a concept, they compare the item with the most typical item in that category

What is the primary purpose of algorithms and heuristics?

They provide a way to solve problems.

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

a liberal person avoiding discussion of serious issues with people who are conservative

If you avoid talking with people who disagree with you on various issues but you discuss those same topics with people who agree with you, you are displaying the-

confirmation bias

Cognitive psychology-

a label for approaches that seek to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed

Cognitive psychology is the study of-

thought, language, memory, and reasoning

Sternberg's---theory of intelligence states that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

triarchic

Inductive reasoning-

involves reasoning from specific observations to make a generalization

Chomsky's Nativism-

belief that humans are born to learn language (nature)

Syntax-

consists of a languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

What is not an aspect of thinking:

physically manipulating objects