chap 14 psych, chapter 13, chapter 12, chapter 11 psych

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has reached the _________ of the general adaptation syndrome.

​exhaustion stage

Which of the following is a difference between Type A people and Type B people?

Type A people are more likely to continue to strive for more and more as compared to Type B people.

​_________ is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.

​Hallucination

According to the different types of social support, _________ involves helping people interpret, or "make sense of," what has happened to them.

​appraisal

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as __________.

attitudes

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall, there is often social and economic__________between people of different races and religions.

conflict

In the early 1950s, a classic experiment on _________ was conducted by Solomon Asch.

conformity

In the early 1950s, a classic experiment on__________was conducted by Solomon Asch.

conformity

​_________ is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

​Psychological hardiness

_________ is characterized by disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams or fantasy.

​Schizophrenia

_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

​Specific phobias

The _________ is the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.

​actor-observer effect

Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Lisa then decides what to wear based on everybody's opinion. Lisa's behavior demonstrates:

conformity.

What is the result of high self-efficacy expectations?

All of these

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.

FALSE

In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

FALSE

Increasing hypertension and reducing LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.

FALSE

The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

FALSE

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions.

FALSE

Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

FALSE

Which brain structure is associated with aggression in nonhumans?

Hypothalamus

Describe a scenario where a patient undergoes systematic desensitization.

When a person has a phobia needles or spiders, this method can help them reduce it by seeing the pictures over and over with breaks in between. They have enough time to calm themselves in their safe scenes between images of their phobias.

The immune system combats disease:

by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction.

The group effect called _________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making.

​polarization

​Sarah's thinking is considered to be peculiar. She mixes up words from different languages and strings them along in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.

​schizotypal personality disorder

Discuss the associations between illnesses (such as cancer and coronary heart disease) and racial and ethnic background.

African Americans tend to have hypertension and heart disease more than European Americans. Asian Americans and Latin Americans are less likely than European Americans, Native Americans, or African Americans to die of heart disease or stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment could possibly help decrease the racial gap. Cancer death rates are higher in nations with increasing rates of fat intake.

According to Neal E. Miller, which of the following is the least stressful type of conflict?

Approach-approach conflict

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she cannot see animals suffering from illnesses. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Approach-avoidance conflict

Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing and a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Which of the following is true of free association?

Clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind.

_____ assert that people's behavior is influenced by their values, by how they interpret situations, and by choice.

Cognitive psychologists

Explain in detail the origins of dissociative amnesia.

Dissociative amnesia is the forgetting of important events that happened in one's life and information about themselves. In this disorder, a person can forget their whole lifetime for hours or years.

Raul goes to a therapist. The therapist asks him to relax by lying on a couch and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to his mind. Through this process, the therapist hopes for some unconscious information to be revealed. Which of the following psychoanalytic techniques does the therapist use?

Free association

What is health psychology?

Health psychology is the study between the relationship of psychological elements and the avoidance/ treatments for a physical illness. An important factor that these pyschologists study is stress.

__________is the erroneous belief that one is being victimized or made to suffer.

Ideas-of-persecution

Vasily participated in a replication of the Milgram Studies. Similar to the other "teachers" in the Milgram experiments, as Vasily became more emotionally aroused, his emotions interfered with clear thinking. Which of the following hypotheses to explain obedience holds true in this scenario?

Inaccessibility of values

How do life changes differ from daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals while daily hassles occur regularly. While daily hassles seem like smaller, more negative situations, life changes tend to be positive.

Which of the following is a difference between life changes and daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged by physical or psychological factors may be more likely to develop cancer.

__________allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

Predictability

__________is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

Psychological-hardiness

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Sunbathing

Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection.

TRUE

Obsessions are so compelling and recurrent that they disrupt daily life.

TRUE

People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

TRUE

People with delusional disorder hold persistent, clearly delusional beliefs, often involving paranoid themes.

TRUE

Which hormone is associated with the tendency to dominate and control others?

Testosterone

Which of the following is true of people with Type A behavior pattern?

They dominate group discussions.

Type A people:

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.

In__________conflict, you are motivated to avoid each of the two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

avoidance-avoidance

​In _____ conflict, you are motivated to avoid each of the two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

avoidance-avoidance

A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly and nonstop, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms suggesting:

bipolar disorder

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.

bipolar disorder

People with__________have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression.

bipolar-disorder

Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____.

borderline personality disorder

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to__________.

coronary-heart-disease

Lisa is a single parent of three children. During the course of each week, she prepares meals, shops for grocery, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting her everyday expenses. Psychologists refer to these stresses as__________.

daily-hassles

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.

On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred.​

emotional

Serena has an internal locus of control. This means that she:

feels in control of her own life.

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. In terms of social perception, this demonstrates that she recognizes that__________are important.

first-impressions

Jessie shares personal experiences with her facilitator and several others who demonstrate similar problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?

group therapy

The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical wellness problems is known as__________.

health-psychology

Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of__________.

inner-concern-hassles

Psychodynamic therapy, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy consider psychological disorders to occur as a result of__________.

internal-conflict

Ever since Michelle failed her biology final, she has been thinking that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This demonstrates what psychologist Albert Ellis calls:

irrational beliefs.

Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy__________.

is-directive

The immune system is able to fight off foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called__________.

leukocytes

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:

make huge contributions to charity.

Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution for treatment. He was most likely admitted to a(n) _____.

mental hospital

Stanley Milgram studied the factors that contribute to__________.

obedience-to-authority

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house will get robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from__________.

obsessive-compulsive-disorder

_________ is an abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations.

panic disorder

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called__________.

pathogens

​Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called _____.

pathogens

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _____.

schizoid personality disorder

​Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high _____.

self-efficacy expectations

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high__________.

self-efficacy-expectations

Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. In the context of group behavior, this phenomenon occurs due to a process known as:

social facilitation.

From the _________, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively.

social-cognitive perspective​

​After getting back from work, Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but he feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of _____.

​multiple approach-avoidance conflict

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall, people are apt to like people who______________.

share-their-attitudes

​ _________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

Electroconvulsive therapy has no side effects

FALSE

The loss of memory to a person with dissociative amnesia can be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication.

FALSE

Explain in detail about the characteristics of people with high self-efficacy expectations.

If a person experiences higher self-efficacy expectations, they show more effort for their desires in order to achieve them. They are not as bugged by adverse events and often times lose weight, stop smoking, and have control over their alcohol amount. Also, these type of people can calm down easier as well as manage pain.

What are psychological disorders? Explain its characteristics in detail.

Psychological disorders are patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning. It's characterized by anxiety. They are unusual, suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality, suggest severe personal distress, self defeating, dangerous, and the behavior of the individual is socially unacceptable.

What are the risk factors associated with cancer?

Risk factors for cancer include smoking, drinking more than a drink or two a day, eating animal fats, sunbathing, which may cause skin cancer due to exposure of ultraviolet light, depression, or stress.

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist gradually exposes Katherine to different dogs using virtual reality displays while she relaxes to each presentation. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?

Systematic desensitization

In cases of domestic violence, it is usually the partner with less power in a relationship that is the violent one.

TRUE

Explain how the approach-approach conflict differs from the avoidance-avoidance conflict.

The approach-approach conflict is the least stressful type of conflict. Each of two goals is beneficial and both within close vicinity. Avoidance-avoidance conflict is more stressful because a person is more determined to steer clear of each of two negative goals. Therefore, avoiding one goal can cause the person to have to come in terms with the other.

According to Bardem & Tormala (2014) and Bohner & Dickel (2011), what are the factors that affect the likelihood that people can predict behavior from attitudes?

The factors are specificity, strength of attitudes, vested interest, and accessibility.

Romantic love, in Sternberg's scheme, refers to__________.

an-intense--positive-emotion-that-involves-sexual-attraction--feelings-of-caring--and-the-belief-that-one-is-in-love

​In _________, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

approach-approach conflict

Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of__________.

conditioning-and-observational-learning

Cory was driving when an accident killed his best friend who was sitting in the car with him. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:

dissociative amnesia.

Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as__________.

information-processing

Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed. She fully involves herself in whatever she is doing. She believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. Psychologists would say that Carole is:

psychologically hardy.

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

rebound anxiety

Connor was frightened as his cab was weaving in and out of traffic across the city. The level of his endocrine and sympathetic activity eventually lowered as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is in the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance-stage

Katie is excessively fearful of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid any social contact with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with__________.

social-phobia

In the context of the Milgram studies, despite the expressed American ideal of independence, we are__________from early childhood to obey authority figures such as parents and teachers.

socialized

According to the different kinds of social support,__________involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

​According to the different kinds of social support, _________ involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

Psychological disorders are:

sometimes characterized by anxiety.

Briefly explain prejudice and discrimination.

Prejudice is when a person has a certain demeanor toward a certain group that leads people to think that the group members do not have the best reputation. Discrimination is when the person actively treats the group poorly because of their prejudice.

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems?

Roadblocks to self-actualization

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?

Socially acceptable behavior

Jose, a gym instructor, trains his clients in cardio and strength training. One of his clients, Rosa, is unable to focus on her cardio workouts for more than 15 minutes at a time but wants to increase her time to 30 minutes. So, Jose tries to gradually increase her attention time by five minutes before she is allowed to engage in small talk as a reinforcer for focusing on her workout. Which of the following behavior methods does Jose most likley use in this scenario?

Successive approximations

Sanchez, an 8-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to a make-believe group of friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused brain damage." Which perspective on psychological disorders does she hold?

The medical model

Americans from ethnic minority groups are less likely than European Americans to seek therapy. State the reasons for their lower participation rate.

The reasons they do not seek therapy are lack of awareness that it helps, lack of information about availability and paying, distrust for these professionals, language barriers, unwillingness to open up to strangers, alternative healing methods, and negative experiences with authority.

How do Type A people differ from Type B people?

Type A people are highly motivated and competitive that can also be impatient, hostile, and overly aggressive. These people tend to get into auto-accidents where they feel rushed and restless. Type B people relax more easily and focus more on the quality of life. They have shown lower blood pressure and are more patient. Type A usually earn higher grades whereas Type B's are average.

John is an executive who has a stressful job that frequently requires him to work overtime. He is also overweight because he does not exercise enough. Due to office politics, he has a lot of bottled-in anger. He is most likely at risk for:

coronary heart disease.