Chap 19 1407

vestigial structure

A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors.

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

biogeography

Study of past and present distribution of organisms The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species.

Darwin's Theory

1.Concept of evolutionary change 2.Concept of natural selection

fossil

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection

Development of insecticide resistance in insects, e.g. DDT and antibiotic resistance in bacteria -•Development of bright coloration in male guppies that are free from predation -•Variations of coloration in peppered moth in environment related to air quality

Charles Darwin

Father of evolution

Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy

endemic

Referring to a species that is confined to a specific geographic area.

Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________. are not related evolved from the same ancestor by chance had similar mutations independently in the past have increased genetic diversityare headed for extinction

evolved from the same ancestor (right answer feedback: "Homology" refers to similarity attributable to common ancestry.)

Similarities of vertebrate embryos during development

indicate common ancestry

convergent evolution

The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.

On the origin of species

1859

homology

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

adaptive evolution (change)

evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment

Artificial Selection

changes produced in domesticated plants and animals, e.g. corn, dog pedigrees due to specific selection of certain traits.

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called __________. (Chapter 19) artificial selection homology natural selection sexual recombination paleontology

artificial selection (right answer feedback: This is the mating of organisms with desirable characteristics. One example is the breeding of cows to produce offspring with higher milk yields.)

stratum

(plural, strata) A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.

natural selection

-A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. -•Much individual variation in all populations of wild animals. Darwin reasoned that evolutionary changes must be caused by natural selection for individuals with certain characteristics and elimination of individuals with other characteristics. Large number of individuals in population but most die and never reproduce(also, reproduction is never random). His theory depends on the following assumptions: -Large number of individuals in population, more than will survive. oThere is variation among individuals. -Certain individuals with certain characteristics have a better chance of surviving than others. -At least some of the characteristics are inheritable.oEnormous spans of time are available for slow, gradual change.

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? (Chapter 19) The predatory fish will evolve smaller mouths so that they do not drive their prey to extinction. The zooplankton will become sexually mature at larger sizes. The predatory fish will evolve poor eyesight so as to preserve their food supply. Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small. The first and the third listed responses are both good predictions.

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small. (right answer feedback: This would permit the zooplankton to reproduce in spite of the predation pressure on larger individuals.)

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by __________. (Chapter 19) fossils he collected the unique organisms he saw in the Gálapagos Islands the works of others such as Lamarck studying adaptations of organisms to their environments All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. (right answer feedback: During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by the writings of Lamarck, fossils, the adaptations of organisms such as the Galápagos finches, and the uniqueness of organisms.)

During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment? (Chapter 19) Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success. Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment. The species may go extinct. The population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species. All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. (right answer feedback: When environments change, species will either adapt, possibly giving rise to new species, or go extinct.)

The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of __________. Aristotle Linnaeus Darwin Lamarck Lyell

Aristotle (Aristotle believed that all living forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity. Each form of life, perfect and permanent, had its allotted rung on this ladder.)

Originally based on Bible

Creation Theory and Plato and Aristotle, Greek philosophers

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of __________. Cuvier Lamarck Aristotle Wallace Lyell right answer feedback: Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating that extinctions apparent in the fossil record corresponded to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought.

Cuvier (right answer feedback: Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating that extinctions apparent in the fossil record corresponded to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought.)

adaptation

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

Pangaea

The supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic era, when plate movements brought all the landmasses of Earth together

What did Darwin observe about species on islands? They are often closely related to species from similar ecological niches all over the world. They are rarely endemic. They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands. Darwin only studied the Gálapagos and, therefore, could not develop many insights about species on islands. None of the above is correct.

They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands. (right answer feedback:If a species that disperses from a mainland to an island succeeds in its new environment, it may give rise to several new species as populations spread to other islands in the archipelago.)

To describe evolution as a "scientific theory" means that __________. (Chapter 19) it is a matter of opinion it is not factual it is an untested idea it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence it can be considered dogma

it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence (right answer feedback: Evidence from many fields of biology makes evolution the "central, unifying principle of biology.)

Presence of vestigial structures

serve no purpose.

Hutton and Lyell

-Geologists that said the earth was very old and had changed over time -provided evidence that the driving force behind evolutionary change was natural selection.

Aristotle

-Greek philosopher -viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a Scala naturae (scale of nature) -consistent with the old Testament

Role of Geology

-Helped Darwin realize the earth is always changing and old enough for evolution to have occurred -evidence that earth is more than a few thousand years

Cuvier

-father of paleontology -theory of catastrophism-fossils embedded in layers of rock due to catastrophes, e.g. floods

evolution

Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin? He based his theory on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He worked out the principles of population genetics. He was the first to conclude that Earth is billions of years old. He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. He was the first to discover that living things can change, or evolve.

He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. (right answer feedback: The proposal of a testable mechanism was a key point in the acceptance of his theory.)

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering? All of the listed responses are correct. Natural selection should be capable of considerable modifications over hundreds of thousands of generations. Population size usually remains relatively stable. Organisms have the capacity to over-reproduce Favorable characteristics of a population accumulate over time.

Organisms have the capacity to over-reproduce (right answer feedback: Malthus contended that human suffering is a product of humans reproducing faster than food and other resources can increase. This is actually a characteristic of many life-forms on Earth.)

Because he was well aware of the effect his theory of evolution would have on the public and on the Church of England, Darwin delayed publishing his work for several decades while he gathered additional evidence. After invoking selective breeding of domesticated species as evidence that groups of organisms are capable of change, he then proposed that natural populations can change as well. On which two lines of evidence did he base this proposal? (Chapter 19) Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population. Some individuals leave more descendants than other individuals, but the individuals in a population are essentially identical to each other. Some individuals within a population have greater survivability and reproductive success than others, and favorable traits within a population will accumulate over generations. Organisms produce more offspring than can be supported by their environment, and adaptations to specific environments increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Individuals within a population vary, yet island species around the world all appear to be related to each other.

Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population. (right answer feedback: Darwin used these two lines of evidence to support his theory of descent with modification in natural populations.)

How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs? (Chapter 19) Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics. The drug did not work in the way that the developers intended. Patients did not take the drug as it was prescribed. The bacterium mutated in response to the drug. None of the listed responses is correct.

Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics. (right answer feedback: Those bacteria that survived the various antibiotic drugs passed on to subsequent generations the genes that enabled them to resist the drug.)

paleontology

The scientific study of fossils.

artificial selection

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

What did Darwin observe about species on islands? (Chapter 19) They are rarely endemic. Darwin only studied the Gálapagos and, therefore, could not develop many insights about species on islands. They are often closely related to species from similar ecological niches all over the world. They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands. None of the above is correct.

They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands. (right answer feedback: If a species that disperses from a mainland to an island succeeds in its new environment, it may give rise to several new species as populations spread to other islands in the archipelago.)

Evolution is broadly defined by Darwin as __________. a) descent with modification b) the passing of acquired characteristics to offspring c) an individual's ability to adapt to its environment d) a way to classify organisms based on morphological similarities e) None of the listed responses is correct.

a) descent with modification

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________. all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor the genetic code will never be broken there's only one possible way to encode information in a macromolecule the earliest macromolecules probably arose when lightning struck an oxygen-free atmosphere None of the listed responses is correct.

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor (right answer feedback:A common genetic code is overwhelming evidence that all life is related.)

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________. (Chapter 19) the genetic code will never be broken there's only one possible way to encode information in a macromolecule all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor the earliest macromolecules probably arose when lightning struck an oxygen-free atmosphere None of the listed responses is correct.

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor (right answer feedback:A common genetic code is overwhelming evidence that all life is related.)

Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life? a) All living things require oxygen to survive. b) Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things. c) The Earth is very old. d) Organisms are rarely well-suited to their environments. e) Evolution is based on descent with modification.

b) Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things.

Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that __________. closely related organisms have similar stages of development homologous proteins have arisen independently in many different animal groups closely related animal species have similar geographic distribution closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins None of the listed responses is correct.

closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins (right answer feedback:Evolutionary relationships among species are reflected in their DNA and proteins. If two species have similar libraries of genes and proteins, with sequences of monomers that match closely, the sequences most likely descended from a common ancestor.)

analogous

comparable Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that __________. only the best-adapted organisms can survive most evolution occurs rapidly following a mass extinction dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor advantageous changes can be passed along to offspring All of the listed responses are correct.

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor (right answer feedback: Similarity in characteristics resulting from a common ancestor is known as homology, and such anatomical signs of evolution are known as homologous structures.)

At the time Darwin voyaged on the survey ship HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________. are all related to one another had evolved from now-extinct organisms arose continually from nonliving materials by spontaneous generation had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before arose from a single species that had survived the biblical flood

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before (Darwin's view of life contrasted sharply with the conventional paradigm of an Earth only a few thousand years old, populated by unchanging forms of life that had been individually made during a single week in which the Creator formed the entire universe.)

Comparison of the molecular biology of certain proteins

hemoglobin, shows the relatedness between different species.

When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing flies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that __________. (Chapter 19) mosquitoes are deliberately adapting themselves to this man-made change in the environment the original spraying has caused a permanent mutation, giving the insects genetic resistance to the spray many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics mosquitoes that survive spraying develop an immunity to the insecticide None of the listed responses is correct.

many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics (right answer feedback: Individuals whose characteristics best fit them to their environment are likely to leave more offspring than are less fit individuals. This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over the generations.)

In Darwin's view of descent with modification __________. (Chapter 19) individuals can evolve natural selection only operates when an organism needs to evolve an organism's traits only affect its own survival environmental changes have no effect on the organisms living in that environment natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment (right answer feedback: Natural selection acting in a particular environment can increase the compatibility between an organism and its environment.)

The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________. (Chapter 19) species individual morph population genotype

population (right answer feedback: Evolution can be measured only as changes in relative proportions of heritable variations in a population over many generations.)

According to the theory of evolution, anatomical and molecular homologies should __________. (Chapter 19) yield very different hierarchical patterns be completely independent of each other link all of the species currently present on Earth be understood to have come about by chance alone produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness

produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness (right answer feedback: According to evolutionary theory, anatomical and molecular homologies should generally produce evolutionary patterns that corroborate each other.)

Vestigial organs are __________. examples of anatomical imperfections such as the human knee one piece of evidence that does not support the theory of evolution homologies that can only be observed in embryos remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors evidence for Lamarck's theory of use and disuse

remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors (right answer feedback: For example, some species of snakes have remnants of pelvic and leg bones.)

Comparative anatomy

resemblance between living species -- this implied that these species descended from a COMMON ANCESTOR -- bones of human arm, dog forelimb, seal's flipper. These are called HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES.

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle, __________. the idea of evolution was widely accepted because it could fit into the biblical story of creation the idea of evolution was widely accepted by scientists, but Darwin's great impact was to popularize it for the layperson several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change the idea that animals and plants might change over time was absent from Western science None of the listed responses is correct

several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change (right answer feedback: By the end of the 18th century, several naturalists had suggested that life evolved along with the evolution of Earth. An important facet of Darwin's work is the concept of natural selection as the cause of adaptive evolution.)

Fossil evidence

species were not immutable but changed gradually over time

Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism __________. was similar to Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics was rejected by Darwin in favor of catastrophism was compatible with the idea of the Earth being only a few thousand years old states that current geologic processes are very different from those that operated in the past strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time

strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time (Darwin eventually embraced the idea of an old Earth and rejected the idea that living organisms had been specially created. He applied the idea of slow change to the evolution of organisms.)

Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism __________. was compatible with the idea of the Earth being only a few thousand years old was similar to Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics states that current geologic processes are very different from those that operated in the past was rejected by Darwin in favor of catastrophism strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time

strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time (right answer feedback: Darwin eventually embraced the idea of an old Earth and rejected the idea that living organisms had been specially created. He applied the idea of slow change to the evolution of organisms.)

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________. uniformitarianism ... believed the same geologic forces are operating today that occurred in the past paleontology ... believed in catastrophism the binomial classification system ... thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation evolution ... first proposed that acquired characteristics are inherited genetics ... described the mechanism for descent with modification

the binomial classification system ... thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation (right answer feedback: Although he is considered the founder of taxonomy, Linnaeus accepted the theory of creation.)

Evolution

the descent of modern organisms with modification from pre-existing life forms; any change in the proportions of different genotypes in a population from one generation to the next