Chap 3 LC -combinedquestions 3017, Research Methodology, Chapter 3, PSYC502
Jasper has proposed a study in which best friends are led to believe that there are hurt feelings and unspoken animosity in the relationship. If you were evaluating his study for adherence to the ethical principle of beneficence, which would you be most concerned about? A) psychological harm B) physical harm C) economic harm D) legal harm
a
Jessa is a health psychologist who is examining the impact of a medication on risk of heart attack. Approximately one year into her study she realizes that participants in her experimental condition are outliving participants in her control condition. Once she realizes that her treatment offers a life-sustaining benefit, what should she do? A) She should end the study and administer the treatment to all participants. B) She should continue the study but allow those in her control condition to le
a
One goal when conducting research is nonmaleficence. This is an ethical objective to: A) minimize or eliminate risks to study participants. B) maximize risks to study participants. C) maintain fairness in determining who will benefit and be put at risk by research. D) allow participants to freely make their own decisions about participating in research.
a
What is the Belmont Report? A) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans B) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving animals C) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving children D) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving prisoners
a
Which of the following ethical principles is the most central to the utilitarian perspective of ethical understanding? A) beneficence B) integrity C) respect D) justice
a
Which of the following is a cost of NOT conducting research? A) failing to find important information that will improve the human condition B) loss of confidentiality of participants C) psychological harm of the research D) egoism
a
If a person decides to donate a kidney to a total stranger without expecting anything in return, they are operating under which ethical perspective?
altruism
A psychologist studying childhood trauma uses pseudonyms for research participants in the report, but reveals the hometown of the participants and the name of the school they were attending. As such, the _____ of the research participants could be compromised.
anonymity
How many principles are outlined in the Belmont Report? A) two B) three C) four D) five
b
If a research question requires the researcher to induce stress in participants: A) the research cannot be conducted. B) at the end of the study, the researcher must return participants to same or better physical and psychological state. C) researchers must ensure the presence of residual stress after the research study. D) it is fine as long as the researcher believes the benefits outweigh the costs.
b
Nabil is examining whether taking the medicine, Lactaid, will make people more tolerant of lactose in dairy products. In order to do this, he assigns the participants in the control condition to eat dairy, knowing that they will not receive medication to help their digestive systems handle the lactose. In this case, which of the following should be of greatest concern to Nabil? A) psychological harm B) physical harm C) economic harm D) legal harm
b
Targeting studies toward _____ represents a violation of justice. A) adults B) children C) college students D) females
b
The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest is called: A) the utilitarian perspective. B) egoism. C) the altruistic perspective. D) beneficence.
b
Which best describes the use of vulnerable populations in research? A) They cannot be used for psychological research. B) They can be used if researchers are able to demonstrate that potential benefits outweigh costs. C) They can be used at any point because they are an important subset of the population that needs investigating. D) They can only be used if they need medical attention.
b
Which of the following is the foundation of most ethical decisions in psychology? A) self-interest versus what is good for others B) tension between potential costs and benefits C) objective versus subjective understanding of truth D) the dichotomy between good and evil
b
what are aspects of privacy?
confidentiality and anonymity
Autonomy means: A) research must improve the well-being of others as much as possible. B) promising that the identity of research participants will not be made public. C) using other people's work without acknowledging that it is their work. D) participants must freely make an informed decision about their participation in research.
d
Each of the following is a benefit that counts toward the cost-benefit analysis, EXCEPT: A) participants gain knowledge about the research process. B) participants may receive compensation for their time and effort. C) results of the study may benefit society and/or the field of psychology. D) the researcher may obtain personal gain from publishing the work. Page
d
Each of the following would be considered vulnerable populations, EXCEPT: A) mental patients. B) prisoners. C) children. D) college students.
d
Ethical dilemmas in psychology are complex because: A) there is often only one right answer. B) there is often only one wrong answer. C) the right answer often contradicts what would benefit the researcher. D) there is neither a right answer nor a wrong answer.
d
Random assignment of participants to conditions help to establish: A) beneficence. B) respect. C) informed consent. D) justice.
d
The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest is known as _____, whereas the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is known as _____. A) the utilitarian perspective; the altruistic perspective B) egoism; the utilitarian perspective C) the utilitarian perspective; egoism D) egoism; the altruistic perspective
d
What is the utilitarian perspective? A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the least amount of good for people B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people Page
d
When conducting a cost-benefit analysis, each of the following is a potential cost that must be considered, EXCEPT: A) loss of confidentiality. B) physical harm. C) psychological harm. D) beneficence.
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles outlined in the Belmont Report? A) beneficence B) respect C) justice D) integrity
d
Which of the following states that researchers have an ethical obligation to improve the wellbeing of others as much as possible? A) freedom B) respect C) justice D) beneficence
d
valid
data must accurately measure the constructs that you think the measure, accurately represent phenomena that occur outside lab
correlation coefficient
descriptive statistic that provides a numerical value to indicate strength of relationship between two variables
correlational studies
examine how variables are naturally related in the real world without attempt to alter or assign causation - used to describe and predict relationships between variables - positive correlation, negative correlation, zero correlation
theory
explanation of model of how a phenomenon works - used to explain prior observations and to make predictions about future events
A research assistant finishes their part of the study but is discouraged to report that the hypothesis was not supported. Upon closer examination of the data, the research assistant finds that omitting data from only one small group of participants will result in a supported hypothesis. They ultimately omit that portion of the data from the final analysis to affirm the initial hypothesis. Which unethical practice is being exemplified?
falsification of data
what can't researchers always use experimental method?
for ethical and practical reasons
random assignment
gives each potential research participant an equal chance of being assigned to any level of IV - selection bias- if random assignment groups is not truly random
scatterplots
graphs that illustrate relationship between two values
experimental group
group of study participants who receive treatment
population
group you want to know about it
what is the issue with animals?
health, well-being, and fairness
case study
intensive examination of an unusual person or organization
descriptive research
observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically
informed consent
participants must be notified of any risk involved before they agree to participate
sample
people you actually study
Scientific journals are increasingly adopting open science principles primarily to:
promote research integrity
descriptive statistics
provide overall summary of the study's results
operational definition
qualify and quantify variables so they can be understood objectively
control group
receive everything the experimental group receives but treatment
replication
repeating a study and getting the same (similar) results
All are ways that scientists can compromise scientific integrity EXCEPT:
replicating their study
experimental research
research has maximal control over situation
experiment
researcher manipulates one variable to measure the effect on a second variable
institutional review boards (IRBs)
review all proposed research to ensure that it meets scientific and ethical standards
central tendency
simplest descriptive statistics, describes a typical response or the behavior of the group as a whole
variable
something that can vary and the researcher can manipulate/evaluate
hypothesis
specific, testable prediction, narrower than a theory
reliablilty
stability and consistency of a measure over time
scientific method
systematic procedure followed in conducting research
culturally sensitive resaerch
takes into account the significant role that culture plays in how people think, feel, and act
internal validity
the degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the IV and not to confounds - experiment must be well designed and well controlled
what are the types of descriptive research?
- case study - observational study - self-report and interviews
how to establish causality?
- control is the steps taken to minimize possibility of anything other than the IV could cause the difference between the experiment and control - confound- anything that affects the DV and that may unintentionally vary between the study's different experimental conditions
what are the four primary goals of science?
- description - prediction - control - explanation
what are the types of research?
- descriptive - correlational - experimental
what are the problems with correlational studies?
- directionality problem- knowing the direction of the relationship between - third variable problem- there are three instead of two variables involved
types of central tendency?
- mean - median - mode - variability - standard deviation - range
observational study
- participant observation- researcher is involved in the situation - naturalistic observation- observer is passive, separate from situation - coding - reactivity- presence of observer might alter behavior - observer bias- systematic errors because of an observer's expectations - experimenter expectancy effect- observer expectations can change the behavior being observed
what does this mean for psychology?
- what a phenomenon is - when will it occur - what causes it to occur - why does it occur
what are the steps to test a hypothesis?
1. form a hypothesis 2. conduct a literature review 3. design a study 4. conduct the study 5. analyze the date 6. report the results
what are the steps of critical thinking?
1. question info 2. evaluate info
n the Little Albert study which advanced the understanding of classical conditioning, psychologist John Watson taught a healthy 9-month-old baby to fear a white rat by making loud unsettling noises each time Albert saw the rat. Although Watson obtained permission from an employee who worked at the hospital with him to enlist her son in the study, in what way was autonomy violated in this case?
As a low level employee, the mother may not have felt she had the power to refuse participation.
_____ protects individuals' identity from the public while _____ guarantees that links cannot be made between individual participants and their responses.
Confidentiality; anonymity
as demonstrated by the study on social rejection, which was described in the textbook, researchers often have several options for studying potentially harmful behaviors, such as bullying. Which statement demonstrates the LEAST ethical approach to studying bullying?
It is most important to increase the validity of the study by having a confederate bully the participants as realistically as possible.
Which option for studying bullying would MOST likely pose the greatest risk for research participants?
Researchers simulate real-life bullying using a confederate.
Which statement characterizes the paradox of studying a sensitive or risky topic such as bullying?
There is risk associated with studying bullying, and there is risk to humankind for not studying bullying.
After collecting the data for her thesis project, Rae places the master list of participants' names in a locked filing cabinet separate from where she keeps her data. Rae stores her information in this way to maintain: A) confidentiality. B) respect. C) justice. D) informed consent.
a
During the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, researchers never told the participants they had syphilis, nor did they treat any participants for their illness. In this example, the researchers ignored the cost of: A) physical harm. B) anonymity. C) beneficence. D) integrity.
a
Imagine that you are a participant in a research study. Which of the following would you have the right to expect? A) confidentiality B) compensation C) anonymity D) deception
a
Anonymity is: A) when the responses and behaviors of participants become public knowledge. B) when researcher use coding to separate participant names from data. C) a guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked to individual participants. D) the physical toll that study participation takes on the participants
c
Ethics are: A) what a person should do. B) what a person should not do. C) the application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions and behavior. D) abstract philosophical doctrines governing behavioral practices.
c
Justice pertains to: A) how researchers maintain confidentiality. B) not coercing participation in the study. C) fairness in who is used as study participants. D) maximizing beneficial outcomes of research studies.
c
Researchers can assure _____, but cannot guarantee _____. A) anonymity; confidentiality B) anonymity; beneficence C) confidentiality; anonymity D) confidentiality; respect
c
Self is to other as: A) altruistic perspective is to utilitarian perspective. B) utilitarian perspective is to egoism. C) egoism is to utilitarian perspective. D) altruistic perspective is to egoism.
c
The greatest ethical cost of Milgram's classical work on obedience, in which participants were erroneously led to believe they were delivering harmful shocks to the confederate, is that it caused _____ to the participant. A) physical harm B) legal harm C) psychological harm D) economic harm
c
What is beneficence? A) fairness in determining who will benefit and be put at risk by research B) freedom of participants to make their own decisions about participating in research C) an ethical obligation to improve the well-being of others as much as possible D) a mandate prohibiting deception in research studies
c
What is the altruistic perspective? A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping in a way that provides the greatest personal benefit B) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people
c
Which of the following caused the most physical harm to participants? A) Milgram's obedience study B) the Stanford Prison Study C) the Tuskegee Syphilis Study D) Wendell Johnson's stuttering study
c
Which of the following includes distress, concern, and lowered selfesteem? A) physical harm B) legal harm C) psychological harm D) economic harm
c
Which of the following is the hardest to recognize, given the personal and emotional nature of the impact? A) physical harm B) legal harm C) psychological harm D) economic harm
c
Which of the following is true? A) There are no ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge. B) There are ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge, but they are based on each scientist's own moral compass. C) There are ethical guidelines set forth by the Belmont Report detailing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge. D) Scientists are not allowed to use any form of deception or harm when conduc
c
Which study as the most obvious beneficence? A) a social psychology study examining conformity B) a developmental psychology study examining moral development in preschoolers C) a health psychology study aimed at minimizing risk of cancer D) a clinical psychology study examining dosage for anxiety medication
c
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, in which participants acting as guards began to abuse other participants who were role-playing as prisoners, could not be replicated today, because it caused too much: A) physical and legal harm. B) psychological and financial harm. C) physical and psychological harm. D) legal and economic harm.
c
research
careful collection of data
external validity
the degree to which the findings of a set can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations 1. participants accurately represent the intended population 2. the variables were manipulated and measured in ways similar to how they occur in the "real world"
accuracy
the degree to which the measure is error free - errors: systematic/random error, unsystematic/bias error
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
The Institutional Review Board classifies proposed research studies as exempt, expedited, or full review based on:
the level of potential risk and the nature of the population involved
what is sampling?
the process by which you select people from the population to be in the sample - random sampling - convenience sampling - large samples are best
inferential statistic
to determine whether effects actually exist in populations from which samples were drawn - statistically significant only if the obtained results would occur by chance less than 5% of the time
what is the first step to evaluating data?
to inspect raw values, look for errors in data recording
meta-analysis
type of study that is an analysis of multiple analyses
Ethical decisions based on doing the greatest good for the most people are aligned with the _____ perspective.
ulititarian
what must researchers consider?
who will have access to the data they collect
