CHAP 4-SB Reading

The long-term versus short-term orientation identified by Hofstede captures people's attitudes toward ______.

Time

Spoken language not only allows people to communicate with each other, but structures the way people perceive the world.

True

Mallory grew up in a rural community and she knows that even though she has a master's degree in finance, she will always be considered a "country bumpkin" in her society. Her thoughts reflect the idea of ______.

class consciousness

The ______ system is a less rigid form of social stratification than the ______ system.

class/caste

Class ______ is one's perception of their social or economic rank in society.

consciousness

Understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced is known as ______ literacy.

cross-cultural

Fifty years ago, it was not widely accepted that a woman could hold a senior management position. Of course, today this is a common reality. This demonstrates how ______ can change over time.

culture

In parts of Canada, you will find both English-speaking communities and French-speaking communities. This illustrates that language helps shape the way people perceive the world, and it also helps define ______.

culture

Professor Michael Porter would agree that ______ played a large role in the success of Japan's postwar economic success.

education

As opposed to what Max Weber originally argued, the caste system has NOT held back the ______ in India.

entrepreneurial activity

Belinda sneered when she was told that cattle were allowed to roam the streets in certain countries. She said, "We would never allow that in America." Belinda's response demonstrates which concept?

ethnocentrism

When the new neighbors moved in, Naghma told her family it would be appropriate for them to make a batch of cookies and take them over to the neighbors and introduce themselves. This social convention is an example of a(n)______.

folkway

When discussing Islam, the Koran actually promotes ______.

free enterprise

One advantage of individualism in business is a(n)

high level of entrepreneurial activity.

In most Western societies the ______ is emphasized, whereas in Japan the ______ is more important.

individual/ group

The dynamism associated with the U.S. economy is a result of the philosophy of______.

individualism

The Hofstede dimension that is focused on the degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups is

individualism vs collectivism.

According to Hofstede, if the ties between people are loose, it is most likely a sign of a(n) ______ society.

individualistic

A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basis of ______.

inherited social status

As the result of criticism of his original work, Hofstede went on to expand his model with the addition of which dimension?

long-term vs short-term orientation

In the ______ dimension by Hofstede, it is recognized that people are not equal in physical and intellectual capabilities.

power distance

A system of shared beliefs and rituals based on sacred thought is the definition of ______.

religion

All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called ______.

social strata

The ______ of a society refers to how it is organized in terms of its values, norms, and societal relationships.

social structure

In historic British society, who was included in the middle class?

those who worked in professional occupations

Which Hofstede dimension measures a society's tolerance for ambiguity?

uncertainty avoidance

In a caste system, change in position is ______ during one's lifetime.

usually not possible

Which two phrases reflect the economic implications of Islam?

1. Cannot earn profit through exploitation of others 2. Hold property as trustees, rather than as owners (per Western definition of ownership)

What are the four principles of social stratification?

1. Social stratification involves beliefs as well as inequality, 2. Social stratification is a trait of society. 3. Social stratification carries over to the next generation. 4. Social stratification is generally universal.

A(n) ______ consists of at least two individuals who have a shared sense of identity and interact in structured ways.

Group

What major world religion is based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad?

Islam

Cultures can embrace several nations.

True

There is a need for every business in the international marketplace to understand the prevailing culture in the countries that they are doing business in. This is known as

cross-cultural literacy.

Culture can best be described as a _____ phenomenon.

dynamic

One reason for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism is the response to social pressures in traditional Islamic societies brought on by

the influence of Western thought.

What is part of the "hidden curriculum" of schools?

1. Being on time 2. Respect for others 3. Obedience to authority

What are three of the determinants of culture?

1. Social structure 2. Political philosophy 3. Economic philosophy

What is considered appropriate personal space when conducting business in the United States?

5-8 ft

When considering the relationship between American and German businesspeople, Edward T. Hall would agree that

Americans wait to be instructed to do so before addressing a German counterpart by their first name.

Country A has a free market economy and group-oriented social structure. Country B has all of the same traits, but also possesses an advanced education system. Which country would be the better investment site?

B

In Japanese society today, it is common for a person's social status to be associated with his or her

Business

Kerri's grandparents came to the United States from Ireland in the 1930s with just a few dollars in their pocket. They found work when they arrived and five years later were able to buy a home and build their savings. Their change in social stratification reflects the ______ system.

Class

What ethical system emphasizes taking the right actions to attain salvation?

Confucianism

Loyalty, honesty in dealing with others, and reciprocal obligations are the building blocks of

Confucianism.

A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living is called

Culture

What are the three values central to the Confucian system of ethics that may have led to economic success in some Asian countries?

1. Honesty in dealing with others 2. Reciprocal obligations 3. Loyalty

What are three characteristics of Confucianism?

1. Loyalty to others 2. High moral standards 3. High ethical conduct

What are three of the dimensions Hofstede identified and studied?

1. Masculinity vs femininity 2. Power distance 3. Individualism vs collectivism

What are three rituals associated with orthodox Muslims?

1. Muslims are forbidden to consume alcohol. 2. Muslims participate in a daily prayer ritual. 3. Muslims are forbidden to consume pork.

The religion where followers try to achieve nirvana or spiritual enlightenment is______.

Buddhism

______ is important because managers need to have a deep understanding of the prevailing culture in those areas in which they do business.

Cross-cultural literacy

While religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion.

True

What a group of people believe to be good, right, and desirable is the definition of

Values

When the voters were asked their opinion on the death penalty, the majority of the people responded that it wasn't right and should be eliminated. Their opinion is a reflection of their ______.

Values

What is the proposed sixth dimension to Hofstede's work?

indulgence versus restraint

Based on Hofstede's proposed sixth dimension, a(n) _____ society is one that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life.

indulgent

The economic principles of Islam prohibit a bank from paying or receiving ______.

interest

In Japan, most people perceive themselves to be middle class; therefore, class background has ______ impact on business operations.

less

Confucianism values harmonious relationships, which are based on moral and ethical conduct and ______.

loyalty to others

According to Hofstede, in a ______ culture, sex roles are sharply differentiated.

masculine

The Hofstede dimension that looks at the relationship between gender and work roles is

masculinity versus femininity.

Hindus believe that an individual can achieve a state of complete spiritual perfection known as ______ by practicing material and physical self-denial.

nirvana

There is a______ one-to-one relationship between a society and a nation-state.

non-strict

In Confucian culture, while employees are expected to be loyal to their superiors in business, those superiors must reward this loyalty by bestowing blessings on the employees.This demonstrates the idea of ______ obligations.

reciprocal

The Western media relates Islamic fundamentalists with ______, rather than with deeply held religious values.

violence

______ is judging another's culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

Ethnocentrism

According to Hofstede, societies with strict codes of behavior, rules, and laws score ______ on the uncertainty avoidance index.

High

The ______ degree of social mobility in the U.S. limits the impact of class background on business operations.

High

The religion where followers believe in reincarnation and karma is

Hinduism.

Which scenario demonstrates a mores?

It is against the law in the US to commit theft.

Unspoken language is another way to describe ______ communication.

Nonverbal

______ is the Hofstede dimension that describes the extent to which individuals do not have the same levels of physical and intellectual capability.

Power distance

The Reformation movement in the sixteenth century led to the establishment of

Protestantism.

______ refers to a system of shared beliefs related to the realm of the sacred.

Religion

Which Christian organization accounts for more than half of its members?

Roman Catholic

In recent years, what has increased society's emphasis on extended social groups?

Social Media

In a given society, the extent to which people can move up and down the class system is known as

Social Mobility

The orthodox Muslim is required to pray____times a day.

5

Which of Hofstede's dimensions reflects the ability of citizens to accept delayed gratification for their material, social, and emotional needs?

long-term versus short-term orientation

According to the Koran, the receipt of interest within the banking system is considered suitable for businesses but not individuals.

False

Edward T. Hall pointed out that Americans who give a foreign counterpart from the Middle East a quick deadline for a project are perceived by their counterpart as successful and in control.

False

Folkways are morally-significant actions in everyday life.

False

Islam is a ______ religion, believing in one true God.

monotheistic

What are two implications of culture in international business?

1. There is a need to develop cross-cultural literacy. 2. There is a connection between culture and ethics.

There is a connection between culture and competitive advantage. What are two reasons why this connection is important?

1. This connection can affect the choice of countries to do business in and locate production facilities in. 2. The connection suggests which countries might produce the most viable competitors.

Buddhism has all the same basic beliefs as Hinduism except for ______

1. support for the caste system. 2. advocacy of extreme ascetic behavior.

What two dimensions are important to consider when explaining differences across social structures?

1. the degree to which the basic unit of the social organization is individualistic or collectivistic 2. the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes

_____ are norms that are more widely observed and are often so important they are enacted into law.

Mores

Historically, the British class system prevented people from moving up in society.

True

In the Confucian culture, guanxiwang refers to ______, which hold networks together.

relationships

The movement of the members of a particular society in terms of their social status from one group to another is an example of

Social mobility

Culture that is defined as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living stems from the work of which expert?

Hofstede

Which factor seems to have the least significance in explaining differences in economic growth between nations?

Culture